Migration, Ethnic Minorities, and Multiculturalism in Europe
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The course focuses on one of the most important issues in international politics, the processes of global migration, and evaluates its meaning for the EU and its member states. It provides an introduction to major theories of migration and to the history of European migration, including labor migration in the 1960s and 1970s, as well as post-colonial migration. Two sessions on internal and irregular migration show the variety of migration Europe. Furthermore the focus of this class is on the current developments in asylum migration and the political reactions on the European level. In the second part of the course different policy approaches of EU member states towards immigration and the resulting economic, political, social and cultural conditions for immigrants’ integration are analyzed in a comparative perspective. By getting to know the social realities of different European minority groups, the class investigates integration policies and multiculturalism from a transnational perspective. An outlook to the wider context of European concepts of multicultural society, comparing it to the U.S., and the future of immigrant societies in a globalizing world order will close the seminar.
This course forms part of the IES Abroad Independent Research Program. It can be combined with the Introduction to Research Module for an additional 1 credit.
All IES courses require attendance and participation. Attendance is mandatory per IES policy. Any unexcused absence will incur a penalty of 3% on a student’s final grade for the course. Absences due to sickness, religious observances, and family emergencies may be excusable at the discretion of the Center Director.
Any student who has more than three (3) unexcused absences will receive an “F” as the final grade in the course.
In the case of an excused absence, it is the student’s responsibility to inform the Academic Dean of the absence with an Official Excused Absence Form, as well as any other relevant documentation (e.g. a doctor’s note), and to keep a record thereof. The absence form must be turned in as soon as possible before the class, in the case of a planned absence, or immediately upon return to the Center, in the case of an unplanned absence, in order for the absence to be considered excused. It is also the student’s responsibility to inform the professor of the missed class. Students can collect and submit the Official Excused Absence Form from the office of the Academic Dean.
Any student who misses more than 25% of a course, whether the absences are excused or are unexcused, will receive an “F” as the final grade in the course.
Tests, Quizzes, or presentations missed during unexcused absences cannot be made up.
By the end of this course, students will be able to:
- Demonstrate awareness of the relevance, causes, and consequences of migration in international and domestic politics
- Apply social scientific theories and analytical comparative methods to the study of migration in international and domestic politics
- Trace back major migratory movements in Europe and assess their causes and consequences
- Compare different policy approaches to immigrant integration and to evaluate them in general as well as to give examples for the European context
- Discuss the major challenges of migration and multiculturalism in Europe as well as developments on the European level
A mixture of teaching and learning techniques, including class room lectures and discussions, group work, independent study, and first-hand experience on course-related excursions. Further information is provided on moodle. Students are expected to prepare the readings for each session and to discuss them with their fellow students and the professor.
- Midterm Exam - 25%
- Active Class participation - 20%
- Essay/short paper - 30%
- Final Exam - 25%
Essay/Short Paper
Topic: Challenges of Migration in Europe (6-8 pages)
Students are required to complete all reading assignments and will be expected to demonstrate this through insightful and relevant contributions to in-class discussion. Active class participation will be part of the final grade.
Session |
Content |
Readings |
1 |
Introduction: The “Age of Migration” on a global scale Introduction to the course, professor, and students. Furthermore course objectives, overview of the syllabus and requirements are presented. We will then discuss the importance of migration in international politics and analyze the distinctiveness of the so-called “Age of Migration”. |
Castles/Miller, Introduction, pp. 1-16.
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2 |
Conceptualizing Migration: Theories and Definitions This session will provide an overview over current theories of migration and will work towards a definition of migrants. |
Castles/Miller, Theories of Migration, pp. 25-54.
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3 |
Historical views from Europe: Post-colonial Migration and Labour Migration from the 1950s to the 70s We are going to discuss the situation of stimulated labour migration during the prosperous 1960s and 1970s in Europe – so called ‘Guestworkers’. In addition the migration from former colonies was a main issue at that time. |
Bade, Migration in European History, pp. 221–226. (Decolonization, Colonial and Post-colonial Migration) and pp. 227–234. (Labour Migration)
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4 |
Asylum Migration and Borderland Security This session will deal with the idea of Fortress Europe. We will take a closer look to the border crossings occurring in the Mediterranean Sea and the security agency Frontex. |
Bade, Migration in European History, pp. 262–275. Excerpts from Andersson, Illegality Inc.
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5 |
Dealing with Anti-Immigrant Sentiment: Right wing populism in the EU During the last years, populist right-wing parties have gained ground in the EU. Many of them use migrants as scapegoats to foster their policy programs. In what ways are they able to put pressure on immigration policies? |
Guibernau, Migration and the Rise of the Radical Right, pp. 4-18.
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6 |
Towards Convergence in the European Union? Facing the current influx of refugees The number of people displaced by war and conflict last year is the highest seen in Western and Central Europe since the 1990s. We will focus on the political reactions within the European Union and we will discuss how migration challenges the European Union. |
News Articles posted on Moodle |
Institutions Field Trip |
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7 |
Freedom of Mobility: Internal Migration in the European Union In this session we focus on labour mobility in Europe and concepts of transnational migration. |
Hanewinkel et.al., Does the Crisis Make People Move?, pp. 1-24. |
8 |
At the Margins: Irregular Migrants in Europe Taking the treatment of irregular migrants in Spain as a starting point we will focus on the diversity of irregular migrants in Europe. |
González-Enríquez, Spain: Irregularity as a Rule, pp. 247-266. |
9 |
Midterm On sessions 1-8 |
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10 |
Conceptualizing Multiculturalism and Ethnic Diversity In the last decades migrants more than once bought in their habits and experiences, values and beliefs and therefore challenged national identities. We will walk beyond the usual process of labeling “us and them” and take a closer look to the idea of multiculturalism. |
Modood, Difference, Multi, Equality, pp. 37-62. |
11 |
Failure of Multiculturalism in Great Britain? The Dilemma of Who Belongs Many citizens have been migrating to the UK from former colonies transforming the United Kingdom to an Immigration Country. But do those migrants feel really British? We will discuss the scientific perception of multiculturalism in GB. |
Sommerville/Sriskandarajah/Latorre, The United Kingdom: A Reluctant Country of Immigration.
Video: Hard Talk Interview on Multiculturalism on BBC Persion TV. (Link available on Moodle) |
12 |
Ethnic Notions of Citizenship: Germany – Immigration to a Non-Immigration Country On the one hand, Germany is proclaiming its “Welcome Culture” letting in great numbers of refugees mainly from Syria. On the other hand, citizenship and full integration is still very hard to achieve. We will discover this discrepancy talking about the historic and current state of integration policies and public reactions in Germany. |
Heckmann, From Ethnic Nation to Universalistic Immigrant Integration: Germany, pp. 45–78. |
13 |
Civic Notions of Citizenship: Is Assimilation the Solution in France? France is a country granting citizenship to those who want to become French – unlike the German tradition. But youth riots of mainly Muslim immigrants since the 1990s seem to show that the “Great Nation” does have massive problems integrating immigrants. After the terrorist Charlie Hebdo attacks 2014 and the attacks at various locations in Paris 2015 – is a politicized Islam the problem? |
Loch, Immigrant Youth and Urban Riot, pp. 791-814. |
14 |
Moving towards common grounds in integration policies? A European Comparison After dealing with different concepts of citizenship and integration, we will analyze the current trends in integration policies in a European comparison. |
Peres, Towards the End of National Models for the Integration of Immigrants in Europe? pp. 272-310.
Essay due! |
Member States Field Trip |
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15 |
Between Protection and Discrimination: Roma in Europe The Roma are the largest minority group in Europe. Often caught between protection and discrimination their situation is not easily solved. We will discuss their situation referring to the European legal framework.
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Kostadinova, Minority Rights as a Normative Framework for Addressing the Situation of Roma in Europe, pp. 1-22.
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16 |
European Muslims: Between Integration and Isolation Muslims form a large and divers minority group in Europe – many of them came as guest workers, post-colonial migrants and refugees. But are they really integrated? We will have a look at the situation of Muslims in Europe beyond current debates about religious radicalization and terrorism on the one, “Islamophobia” on the other hand. |
Beton/Nielsen, Integrating Europe’s Muslim Minorities: Public Anxieties, Policy Responses (online resource)
Ramadan, The Future of the New “We”, pp.14-17.
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17 |
Ethnic Diversity and Social Cohesion After analyzing different models of integration and getting to know major minority groups in Europe, this session will take a look on the everyday practice of integration. Interaction and trust are therefore seen as key elements of social cohesion, while segregation and ghettoization are identified as source of failed integration. |
Hewstone et.al., Diversity and Intergroup Contact in Schools, pp. 208-228. |
18 |
Conclusion: EU Migration in a Global Context In our final session we will put EU Migration policy into a global context, and compare it to U.S. migration policies. Furthermore, we will be discussing the future of migration, of multiculturalism and post-migration pluralistic societies. |
Castles/Miller, Conclusion: Migration in the New World Disorder, pp. 283-298.
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19 |
Final Exam |
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- Andersson, Ruben (2014): Illegality, Inc. Clandestine Migration and the Business of Bordering Europe. Oakland: University of California Press.
- Bade, Klaus J. (2003), Migration in European History. Oxford: Blackwell
- Beton, Meghan and Anne Nielsen (2013): Integrating Europe’s Muslim Minorities: Public Anxieties, Policy Responses, in Migration Policy Institute: Migration Information Source, http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/integrating-europes-muslim-minori... (Internet Article)
- Castles, Stephen and Mark J. Miller (2014), “Introduction,” in The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-16
- Castles, Stephen and Mark J. Miller (2009), “Conclusion: Migration and Mobility in the Twenty-First Century” in The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 283-298
- González-Enríquez (2010), Spain: Irregularity as a Rule, in: Trindaphyllidu, Anna (ed.), Irregular Migration in Europe. Myths and Realities, pp. 247-266
- Guibernau, Montserrat (2010), Migration and the Rise of the Radical Right. Social Malaise and the Failure of Mainstream Politics, Policy Network Paper (Reader), pp. 4-18
- Hanewinkel, Vera et.al. (2013), Does the Crisis Make People Move? EU Internal Migration and Economic Disparities in Europe, in: Focus Migration, vol. 20, pp. 1-24
- Heckmann, Friedrich (2003), From Ethnic Nation to Universalistic Immigrant Integration: Germany, in: Heckmann, Friedrich and Dominique Schnapper (ed.), The Integration of Immigrants in European Societies, pp. 45–78
- Hewstone, Miles et.al. (2015), Diversity and Intergroup Contact in Schools, in: Koopmans, Ruud et.al. (ed.), Social Cohesion and Immigration in Europe and North America. Mechanisms, Conditions, and Causality, pp. 208-228
- Kostadinova, Galina (2011), Minority Rights as a Normative Framework for Addressing the Situation of Roma in Europe, in: Oxford Development Studies, vol. 39, No. 2, pp- 1-22
- Loch, Dietmar (2009), Immigrant Youth and Urban Riots: A Comparison of France and Germany, in: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, no. 5, pp. 791-814
- Modood, Tariq (2007), Multiculturalism. A Civic Idea. Malden: Polity Press
- Peres, Hubert (2010), Towards the End of National Models for the Integration of Immigrants in Europe? Britain, France and Spain in Comparative Perspective, in: Adam Luedtke (ed.), Migrants and Minorities. The European Response, pp. 272-310
- Ramadan, Tariq (2013): The Future of the New “We”, in: Harvard International Review, vol. 35 (1), pp.14-17
- Sommerville, Will, Dhananjayan Sriskandarajah and Maria Latorre (2009), The United Kingdom: A Reluctant Country of Immigration, Migration Policy Institute http://www.migrationinformation.org/Profiles/display.cfm?ID=736
Migration
- Adamson, Fiona B., Triadafilopoulos, Triadafilos, and Aristide R. Zolberg (2011), The Limits of the Liberal State: Migration, Identity and Belonging in Europe, in: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 843-859
- Anderson, Bridget et.al. (2006), Fair Enough? Central and East European Migrants in Low-wage Employment in the UK. Available at: http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/media/PR-2006-Changing_Status_Fair_Enough.pdf
- Bade, Klaus (2011), The Encyclopedia of Migration and Minorities in Europe. From the 17th Century to the present. Cambridge: Cambridge university Press
- Bauböck, Rainer (2002): Political Community Beyond the sovereign State, Supranational Federalism and Transnational Minorities. In: Vertovec and Cohen: Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context, and Practice.
- Block, Laura, and Saskia Bonjour (2013), Fortress Europe or Europe of Rights. The Europeanisation of Family Migration Policies in France, Germany and the Netherlands, in: European Journal of Migration and Law, vol. 15, no.2, pp. 203-224
- Brubaker, Rogers (1992), Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press
- Castles, Stephen (2010), Understanding Global Migration: A Social Transformation Perspective, in: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1565-1586
- Caviedes, Alexander (2010), Towards a European Model for High Skilled Labour Migration?, in: Luedtke, Adam (ed.), Migrants and Minorities. A European Response, pp. 61-81
- Coleman, David (2008), The demographic effects of international migration in Europe. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 24, no. 3 pp. 452-476
- De Haas, Hein (2010), The Internal Dynamics of Migration Processes: A Theoretical Inquiry, in: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 36, no. 10, pp. 1587-1617
- Delvino, Nicola and Sarah Spencer 2014: Irregular Migrants in Italy. Law and Policy on Entitlements to Services. ESRC Centre on Migration, Policy and Society (COMPAS). Available at: http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/media/PR-2014-Irregular_Migrants_Italy.pdf
- Devisscher, Purdy (2011), Legal Migration in the Relationship between the European Union and ACP Countries: The Absence of a True Global Approach Continues, in: European Journal of Migration and Law, 13, pp. 53–94
- Emmer, Pieter (2013), Turkey and Europe. The Role of Migration, in: European Review, vol. 21, np.3, pp. 394-399
- Eger, Maureen A. (2010), Even in Sweden: The Effect of Immigration on Support for Welfare State Spending. European Sociological Review, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 203-217
- Geddes, Andrew (2000), The Politics of Migration and Immigration in Europe, London: SAGE. (IES Library)
- Faustmann, Anna (2013), Migration Policy, Integration Policy and Integration Performance: Methodological Challenges of Policy Evaluation. Paper prepared for the ICCP 2013, http://www.icpublicpolicy.org/IMG/pdf/panel_18_s2_faustmann.pdf
- Glitz, Albrecht (2012), The Labor Market Impact of Immigration: A Quasi-Experiment Exploiting Immigrant Location Rules in Germany. Journal of Labor Economics, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 175-213
- Howson, Carlton, ed. (2009), Europe's established and emerging immigrant communities. Assimilation, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books
- King, Russell (2012), Theories and Typologies of Migration. An Overview and a Primer, in: Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, No. 3, 2012, pp. 3-31
- Koopmans, Ruud and Paul Statham (2000), “Migration and Ethnic Relations as a Field of Political Contention: An Opportunity Structure Approach,” in: Challenging Immigration and Ethnic Relations Politics. Comparative European Perspectives, ed. Koopmans, Ruud and Paul Statham, Oxford, pp. 13-39
- Lucassen, Leo (2005), The Immigrant Threat. The Integration of Old and New Migrants in Western Europe Since 1850. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press. (IES Library)
- Marcu, Silvia (2012), Living across the Borders. The Mobility Narratives of Romanian Immigrants in Spain, in: Romanian Journal of European Affairs, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 33-50
- Mayda, Anna Maria (2006), Who is Against Immigration? A Cross-Country Investigation of Individual Attitudes Towards Immigrants. The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 510-530
- Morris, Lydia (1997), Globalization, Migration, and the Nation-State. The Path to a Post-National Europe? In: British Journal of Sociology, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 193-211
- Mulcahy, Suzanne (2011), Europe’s Migrant Policies: Illusions of Integration, Houndmills, Basingstoke: Hampshire, UK
- Nowicka, Magdalena (2011), Heterogeneity, Borders and Thresholds. How Moblie Transnational Professionals Order the World, in: Journal of Borderland Studies, vol. 23 (2), pp. 41-58
- Ohliger, Rainer, Karen Schönwälder, and Triadafilos Triadafilopoulos (eds.) (2003), European Encounters. Migrants, Migration and European Societies Since 1945. Aldershot: Ashgate
- Okólski, Marek (2007), “Europe in movement: Migration from/to Central and Eastern Europe,” Center of Migration Research Working Papers, Nr. 22/80
- Omar Mahmoud, Toman (2010), The Economics of Human Trafficking and Labour Migration. Micro-Evidence from Eastern Europe, in: Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 173-188
- Peridy, Nicolas J. (2006), Welfare Magnets, Border Effects or Policy Regulations: What Determinants Drive Migration Flows into the EU?, in: Global Economy Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 1-32
- Pettigrew, Thomas F. (1998): Intergroup contact theory. Annual Review of Psychology 49, pp. 65–85
- Ribas-Mateos, Natalia (2004), “How can we understand immigration in Southern Europe,” in: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 30, no. 6, November, pp. 1045-1063
- Rowthorn, Robert (2008), The Fiscal Impact of Immigration on the Advanced Economies. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 560-580
- Sides, Jack, and John Citrin (2007), European Opinion About Immigration: The Role of Identities, Interests and Information. British Journal of Political Science, 37, pp. 477-504
- Strath, Bo Multiple Europes: Integration, Identity and Demarcation to the Other. In: Europe and the other Europe as the other. pp. 385-420
- United Nations Population Division (2000), Replacement Migration. Is It a Solution to Declining and Ageing Populations? http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration/migration.htm
Multiculturalism and Minorities
- Alba, Richard, Peter Schmidt and Martina Wasmer (2003), Germans of Foreigners? Attitudes towards Ethnic Minorities in Post-reunification Germany. New York: Palgrave Macmillan
- Bernauer, Julian, and Daniel Bochsler (2011), Electoral Entry and Success of Ethnic Minority Parties in Central and Eastern Europe. A Hierachical Selection Model, in: Electoral Studies, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 738-755
- Bolt, Gideon (2009), Combating Residential Segregation of Ethnic Minorities in European Cities, in: Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 397-503
- Craig Elisabeth (2010), The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Development of a ‘Generic’ Approach to the Protection of Minority Rights in Europe?, in: International Journal on Minority and Group Rights, 17, pp. 307–325
- Hjerm, Mikael, and Kikuko Nagayoshi (2011), The Composition of the Minority Population as a Threat: Can Real Economic and Cultural Threats Explain Xenophobia? International Sociology, 26, pp. 815-843
- Hoerder, Dirk (1995), Ethnic Cultures under Multiculturalism. Retention or Change? in: Braun, Hans, and Wolfgang Klooß (eds.), Multiculturalism in North America and Europe. Social Practices, Literary Visions, pp. 82-102
- Laqueur, Walter (2008), The Changing Face of Antisemitism. From Ancient Times to the Present day, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 1-20
- Lentin, Alana, and Gavan Titley (2012), The Crisis of `Multiculturalism´ in Europe. Mediated Minarets, Intolerable Subjects, in: European Journal of Cultural Studies, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 123-138
- Malik, Kenan (2015), The Failure of Multiculturalism. Community versus Society in Europe, in: Foreign Affairs, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 21-32
- Spencer, Ian R.G. (1997), British Immigration Policy Since 1939. The Making of Multi-Racial Britain. London: Routledge
- Spinner-Halev, Jeff (2006), “Multiculturalism and its Critics,” in The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory, ed. Dryzek, John S., Bonnie Honig, and Anne Phillips, Oxford, pp. 546-563
- Weldon, Steven (2006), The Institutional Context of Tolerance for Ethnic Minorities. A Comparative, Multilevel Analysis of Western Europe, in: American Journal of Political Science, vol. 50, no.2, pp. 331-349
Refugees and Border Control
- Brekke, Jan-Paul, and Grete Brochmann (2015), Stuck in Transit. Secondary Migration of Asylum Seekers in Europe, National Differences, and the Dublin Regulation, in: Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 145-162
- Campesi, Guiseppe (2015), Humanitarian Confinement. An Ethnography of Reception Centres for Asylum Seekers at European´s Southern Border, in: International Journal of Migration and Border Studies, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 398-418
- Facchini, Giovanni, Oliver Lorz, and Gerald Willmann (2006), Asylum Seekers in Europe. The Warm Glow of a Hot Potato, in: Journal of Population Economics, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 411-430
- Hatton, Timothy, Wolfram Richter, Riccardo Faini (2004), Seeking Asylum in Europe, in: Economic Policy, vol. 19, no. 38, pp. 5-62
- Papagianni, Georgia (2013), Forging an Extemal EU Migration Policy: From Extemalisation of Border Management to a Comprehensive Policy?, in: European Joumal of Migration and Law, 15, pp. 283-299
Islam and Migration
- Fetzer, Joel S., and J. Christopher Soper (2005), Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany. Cambrigde: Cambridge University Press. (IES Library)
- Lenard, Patti Tamara (2010), What Can Multicultural Theory Tell Us about Integrating Muslims in Europe?, in: Political Studies Review, vol. 8, pp. 308–321
- Potz, Richard, and Wolfgang Wieshaider (eds.) (2004), Islam and the European Union. Leuven: Peeters. (IES Library)
- Thömmes, Jürgen Multiculturalism in France. The Conflict between Islamic Fundamentalism and Traditions of `laicisme´, in: Braun, Hans, and Wolfgang Klooß (eds.), Multiculturalism in North America and Europe. Social Practices, Literary Visions, pp. 44-58
- Vertovec, Steven, and Ceri Peach (1997), Islam in Europe. The Politics of Religion and Community. Basingstoke: Macmillan
Minorities in Europe
- Cohen, Jocelyn, and Daniel Soyer (2006), My Future is in America. Autobiographies of Eastern European Jewish Immigrants. New York: New York University Press
- Drobot, Irina-Ana (2014), Yiddish as the Language of Jews in Europe, in: Scientific Journal of Humanistic Studies, vol. 6, no.10, pp. 90-91
- Karlip, Joshua (2013), The Tragedy of a Generation. The Rise and Fall of Jewish Nationalism in Eastern Europe. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press
- Laufer, Peter (2003), Exodus to Berlin. The return of the Jews to Germany. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee
- Lipott, Sigrid (2012), The Roma as a Protected Minority? Policies and Best Practices in the EU, in: The Romanian Journal of European Affairs, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 78-97
- Parker, Owen (2012), Roma and the Politics of EU Citizenship in France. Everyday Security and Resistance, in: Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 475-491
- Sapper, Manfred, Volker Weichsel, Anna Lipphardt, and Ray Brandon (2008), Impulses for Europe. Tradition and Modernity in East European Jewry. Berlin: Berliner Wissenschafts-Verlag
- Sobotka, Eva, and Peter Vermeersch (2012), Governing Human Rights and Roma Inclusion. Can the EU be a Catalyst for Local Social Change? in: Human Rights Quaterly, vol. 34, pp. 800-822
Research Networks
- Center for the Study of Ethnicity and Citizenship at the University of Bristol: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/ethnicity.
- COMPAS Centre on Migration, Policy and Society: http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/
- Department of Geography Migration Research Unit UDL London: http://www.geog.ucl.ac.uk/mru
- European Research Center on Migration and Ethnic Relations (Ercomer) at the University of Utrecht: http://www.ercomer.eu/
- Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies at the Universiteit van Amsterdam: http://imes.uva.nl/
- Migration Citizenship Education: http://migrationeducation.org/home.0.html
- Migration Policy Group: http://www.migpolgroup.com/
- Sirius Migration Education: http://www.sirius-migrationeducation.org/
- The Migration Observatory at the University of Oxford: http://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/
Movies
- El Ejodo: http://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/feb/07/spain-salad-growers-slaves-charities
- Interview with Prof. Bridget Anderson: http://www.compas.ox.ac.uk/people/bridget-anderson/
- Interview on Asylum: http://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/policy-primers/asylum-policy
- Interview with Tariq Modood: http://www.tariqmodood.com/video.html