As a destination for migrants Austria is more attractive than ever before, receiving more migrants and asylum seekers than Germany or Switzerland, relative to its size. Austria is an immigration country, but politics and the public have realized this only partially. Migration is not a process to be understood only in economic and political terms but also as a socio-cultural process that is mediated by various others factors. This course, based on a conglomerate of various sources, should give a picture of Austria and its history of immigration. This includes an explanation of terms and typologies of migration, immigration and emigration where theories and models that consider the origins, the effects, and the continuities of people moving to different spaces are introduced. Furthermore the experiences as well as migrant communities and their networks in Vienna are introduced where special attention is given to the representation of immigrants in contemporary Austrian public discourses.
Prerequisites:
Previous course in social sciences is recommended, though not required.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, students are expected to:
• Differentiate between the terms migration, immigration and emigration and consider these in relation to the Austrian political and historical setting.
• Have a basic understanding of the current stand of research in the field of migration studies in the broader context of social and cultural anthropology.
• Recognize the variable gender as a principle factor that characterizes social life and that operates in different aspects of migration.
• Appreciate the opportunities and recognize the challenges of immigration.
• Detect various discourses around immigrants in public debates and the media.
• Realize common challenges and responses concerning people with migrant backgrounds in a globalized world.
Method of presentation:
Lectures, student presentations, discussions, field trips, film viewing
Field study:
• Guided tour to the 1st district in Vienna: “The Turkish Vienna”: Das Türkische Wien. Spurensuche
einer Jahrhundert- lang währenden Feind-und Freundschaft.
• Fieldtrip to a public institution that provides teaching assistance to children with migrational backgrounds.
• African Catholic Community in the 5th district in Vienna.
• Guest-presentation by a member of the organization ZARA: “Civil Courage and Anti-Racism
Work”.
Required work and form of assessment:
The students are expected to prepare for and participate in classes. The course is graded as follows: midterm exam 20%, presentation in class 30%, class participation & journal 20%, and final exam & written assignment 30%.
The midterm and the final exam are a combination of the following types of questions: essay and short answers. The written assignment is a research paper on a subject matter relevant to the course topic, and will be due in the last class session. The written assignment entails a list of references, a personal reflection and a literature review for a total length of 10-12 pages. The presentation gives students the opportunity to present their research findings from the written assignment. The journal consists of small exercises assigned on a weekly basis. In the journal students are expected to personally reflect on subject matters discussed in class, including current issues on immigration taken from weekly readings/listening of serious online newspapers/radio programs (Exp. Vienna Review, The Austrian Times, Fm4 Radio) to keep up to date on current immigration issues. They are asked to formulate their own opinions regarding topics. Class participation refers to the extent students are involved in class and are prepared when coming to class, as well as actively participating in discussions and fieldtrips.
content:
Week 1. Introduction
The aims of the course will be introduced. Definitions of migration, immigration, and emigration will be covered. Central terms, typologies and statistics will be established. Special attention will be given to typologies currently prevalent in Austria.
Required reading:
• Koser, Khalid. 2007. International Migration. A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1-16.
• Perchinig, Bernhard. 2007. “Migration in Austria”, in: Overhaus, Marco/Maull, Hanns W. and Harnisch, Sebastian (eds.): Foreign Policy in Dialogue Volume 8, Issue 22, May 2007, 25-33. URL.: http://www.deutsche-aussenpolitik.de/newsletter/issue22.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Böse, Martina/Haberfellner, Regina/Koldas ,Ayhan. 2001. A short Overview of Immigration to Austria in Mapping Minorities and their Media: The National Context, 2-10. URL.: https://www.zsi.at/attach/MinoritiesMedia_AT2001.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
Recommended reading:
• IMO. International Organization for Migration. Homepage. URL.: http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/austria#mpr [Retrieved 6. 3.2011]
• ICMPD: International Centre for Migration Policy Development. Statistics on Austria's foreign population as well as links to other migration-related institutions. http://research.icmpd.org/projects.html [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
Week 2. History of immigration to Austria
An outline of the long tradition of immigration to Austria will be introduced. A picture of Austria as a country of immigration will be given, including a description and explanation of migration flows, migration policies as well as impacts and integration outcomes. A particular focus will be the period after 1945 with a description and explanation of immigration flows from ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Hungary, and Poland. Furthermore, migration policies, impacts and integration outcomes in Austria are discussed.
Required reading:
• Fassman, Heinz/Reger, Ursula. 2008. “Austria: From Guest Worker Migration to a Country of Immigration”, IDEA Working Papers No. 1, Dec 2008, 3-21. URL.: http://www.idea6fp.uw.edu.pl/pliki/WP1_Austria.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Krzyzanowski, Michal/Wodak, Ruth 2008. Debating Migration in Austria. New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction Press. (selected readings)
• Kraler, Albert/ Stacher, Irene. 2002. "Migration Dynamics in Austria: Patterns and Policies in the
19th and 20th century" in: Historische Sozialkunde. Geschichte-Fachdidaktik-Politische Bildung, Special Issue 2002, International Migration, pp.51-65.
Recommended reading:
• Ehmer, Josef/Steidl, Annemarie/Zeitlhofer, Hermann. 2004. Migration Patterns in Late Imperial
Austria. KMI Working Paper 3. URL.: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/kmi/Bilder/kmi_WP3.pdf [Retrieved
5. 2.2011]
Week 3. Theories of migration Part 1: diffusionism/ the Chicago School/urban studies/symbolic interactionism Theories of migration that are relevant in the social sciences will be highlighted. Different methods and theoretical approaches are introduced. Particular examples central to the history of migration theory in the social and cultural anthropological discipline will be selected. Early approaches such as diffusionism, the Chicago School, urban studies, symbolic interactionism to the race relation cycle will be introduced.
Required reading:
• Brettell, Caroline B. 2008. “Migration Theory. Talking across Disciplines”, in: Brettell, Caroline
B./Hollifield, James F. (eds.): Migration Theory. Talking Across Disciplines. New York/London: Routledge, 1-29.
• Brettell, Caroline B. 2008. “Theorizing Migration in Anthropology. The Social Construction of Networks, Identities, Communities, and Globalscapes”, in: Brettell, Caroline B./Hollifield, James F. (eds.): Migration Theory. Talking Across Disciplines. New York/London: Routledge, 113-120.
• Strasser, Sabine/Kroner, Gudrun/Herzog-Punzenberger, Barbara. 2009. “From Margin to
Mainstream? Migration Studies and Social Anthropology in Austria”, in: Six-Hohenbalken, Maria/Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Aspekte. Wien: Facultas. wuv, 127-142.
• Watkins, Francis. 2003. “Migration”, in: Barnard, Alan/Spencer, Jonathan (eds.): Encyclopedia of
Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Routledge, 370-371.
Recommended reading:
• Werbner, Richard P. 1984. “The Manchester School in South-Central Africa”, in: Annual Review of
Anthropology 13, 157-185.
Week 4. Theories of migration Part 2: Theories of modernization/dependency/articulation. Theoretical approaches to migration that provide different analytical tools to understand the movement of people to different spaces will be highlighted. Migration as modernization, migration as dependency, migration as articulation, and migration viewed from a transnational perspective will be discussed.
Required reading:
• Kearney, Michael. 1986. “From the Invisible Hand to Visible Feet. Anthropological Studies
of Migration and Development”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 15, 331-361.
• Vertovek, Stevan. 2009. Transnationalism. New York: Routledge, 1-20.
• Horevitz, Elisabeth. 2009. “Understanding the Anthropology of Immigration and
Migration”, in: Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Volume 19, Issue 6,
745–758.
Recommended reading:
• Kimberlina, Sara E. 2009. “Synthesizing Social Science Theories of Immigration”, in: Journal of
Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Volume 19, Issue 6, 2009, 759-771.
Week 5 Migration and Gender
Gender is recognized as a critical force that shapes migrant households, kinship, and social networks. Gender is a key constitutive element of migration, since migration is not a process to be understood only in economic and political terms but also as a socio-cultural process mediated by gendered and kinship ideologies, institutions and practices.
Required reading:
• Mahler, Sarah J./Pessar Patricia R. 2009. “Gender Matters. Ethnographers bring gender
from the periphery toward the core of migration studies”, in: Six-Hohenbalken, Maria/Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Aspekte. Wien: Facultas. wuv, 205-228.
• Pine, Francis. 2003. “Gender”, in: Barnard, Alan/Spencer, Jonathan (eds.): Encyclopedia of
Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Routledge, 253-261.
• Pedraza, Silvia. 1991. “Women and Migration: The Social Consequence of Gender”, in:
Annual Review of Sociology. Volume 17, Issue 10, 1991, 303-325
Week 6. Mid-term exam
Week 7. The representations of immigrants in contemporary Austrian public discourses. Part 1
The racialization and exotisation of the (im)migrant “other” is explored.
Required reading:
• Silverstein, Paul A. 2005. “Immigrant Racialization and the New Savage Slot: Race, Migration,
and Immigration in the New Europe”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 34, 363-384.
• Hall, Stuart. 2009. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage, 223-291.
• Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. 2008. “Anthropology in History and the explanation of Cultural Diversity”, in: Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. (eds.): Cultural Anthropology. A perspective on the Human Condition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 65-85.
• Ashcroft, B., Griffiths G. & Tiffin, Helen. (2005). “Other/other”, in: Ashcroft, B., Griffiths G. &
Tiffin, Helen. (eds.): Post-Colonial Studies. The key Concepts. London, New York: Routledge, 94-
95.
• Ashcroft, B., Griffiths G. & Tiffin, Helen. (2005). Exotic/Exoticism. In: Post-Colonial Studies. The key concepts.London, New York: Routledge. 94-95
• Pettigrew, Thomas. 1998. “Reactions towards the New Minorities of Western Europe”, in: Annual
Review of Sociology 24, 77-103.
Week 8. The representations of immigrants in contemporary Austrian public discourses. Part 2
Portrayals of immigrants in newspapers, television and the internet are discussed. Current events and issues are addressed. Students will explore Austrian media images and compare them to images of immigrants in the United States.
Required reading:
• Gingrich, Andre. 1998. “Frontier Myths of Orientalism. The Muslim World in Public and Popular
Cultures of Central Europe”, in: Baskar, Bojan/Brumen, Borut (eds.): Mess: Mediterranean Ethnological Summer School, Piran, Pirano, Slovenia 1996 Vol. 2. Ljubljana: Inštitut za multikulturne raziskave, 99-127.
• Bunzl, Matti. 2005. “Between anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Some thoughts on new Europe”,
in: American Ethnologist 32/4, 499-508.
• Böse, Martina/Haberfellner, Regina/Koldas ,Ayhan. 2001. A short Overview of Immigration to Austria in Mapping Minorities and their Media: The National Context. 10- 25 URL.: https://www.zsi.at/attach/MinoritiesMedia_AT2001.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Heath, Anthony/Rothan Catherine/Kilpi, Elina. 2008. “The Second Generation in Western Europe: Education, Unemployment, and Occupational Attainment”, in: Annual Review of Sociology 34,
211-235.
Fieldtrip:
• Das Türkische Wien: “The Turkish Vienna”, Seeking traces of a century long relationship. Guided tour in the 1st District.
Week 9. Migrant communities in Vienna.
Examples of migrant communities and their networks in Vienna are introduced, with focus on Indians, Nigerians, and Turks living in Austria. Students are encouraged to do research about migrant communities in the U.S.A and/or focus on their own experiences regarding their family’s migration backgrounds.
Film viewing: “Harlem in Wien“ 2005
Fieldtrip:
• African Catholic Community in the 5th district in Vienna.
Required reading:
• World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People. URL.: http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1879#current [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Butratana Kosita/ Trupp, Alexander. 2011. “Thai Communities in Vienna”, in: ASEAS –Austrian
Journal of South- East Asian Studies, 4(1), 180-190.
• Ahmed, Sara. 2000. “Home and Away: Narratives of Migration and Estrangement”, in Strange
Encounters. Embodied others in Post-coloniality. London, New York: Routledge 75-95.
Week 10. Local examples of Global Connectedness: Ethnicity, Identity, and the politics of difference. Part 1. The concepts culture, identity, community and nation are discussed as spatial assumptions that are not fixed entities but are continuously changing. Furthermore the production of differences within common, shared, and connected spaces is discussed.
Required reading:
• Gupta, Akhil and Ferguson, James. 1992. “Beyond “Culture”: Space, Identity, and the politics of
Difference”, in: Cultural Anthropology 7/1, 6-23.
• Pollack, David C., and Van Reken, Ruth E. 2001. Third Culture Kids: The Experience of Growing
Up Among Worlds. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press, 6-20.
• Kearney, Michael. 1995. “The local and the global: The Anthropology of Globalization and
Transnationalism”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 24, 547-565.
• Levitt, Peggy and Jaworsky Nadya. 2007. “Transnational Migration Studies: Past Developments and Future Trends”, in Annual Review of Sociology 33, 129-156.
Recommended reading:
• Barth, Frederic (ed.). 1969. Ethnic groups and boundaries. The Social Organization of Culture
Difference. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
• Eriksen, Thomas H. 1996. “Ethnicity, Race, Class and Nation”, in: Hutchinson John/Smith
Anthony. New York: Oxford Press, 25-35.
Week 11. Local examples of Global Connectedness: Ethnicity, Identity, and the politics of difference Part 2.
Required reading:
• Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. 2008. “Dimensions of Inequality in the Contemporary World: Class, Caste, Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism”, in: Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. (eds.): Cultural Anthropology. A perspective on the Human Condition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 327-355.
• Givens, Terri. 2007. “Immigrant Integration in Europe: Empirical Research”. In: Annual Review of
Political Science 10, 67-83. Recommended reading:
• Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism. London/New York: Verso.
Week 12. Final Exam
Required readings:
• Ahmed, Sara. 2000. “Home and Away: Narratives of Migration and Estrangement”, in Strange
Encounters. Embodied others in Post-coloniality. London, New York: Routledge 75-95.
• Ashcroft, B., Griffiths G. & Tiffin, Helen. (2005). “Other/other”, in: Ashcroft, B., Griffiths G. & Tiffin, Helen. (eds.): Post-Colonial Studies. The key Concepts. London, New York: Routledge, 94-
95.
• Böse, Martina/Haberfellner, Regina/Koldas ,Ayhan. 2001. A short Overview of Immigration to Austria in Mapping Minorities and their Media: The National Context, 2-25. URL.: https://www.zsi.at/attach/MinoritiesMedia_AT2001.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Brettell, Caroline B. 2008. “Migration Theory. Talking across Disciplines”, in: Brettell, Caroline B./Hollifield, James F. (eds.): Migration Theory. Talking Across Disciplines. New York/London: Routledge, 1-29.
• Brettell, Caroline B. 2008. “Theorizing Migration in Anthropogy. The Social Construction of
Networks, Identities, Communities, and Globalscapes”, in: Brettell, Caroline B./ Hollifield, James
F. (eds.): Migration Theory. Talking Across Disciplines. New York/London: Routledge, 113-120.
• Bunzl, Matti. 2005. “Between anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Some thoughts on new Europe”, in: American Ethnologist 32/4, 499-508.
• Butratana Kosita/ Trupp, Alexander. 2011. “Thai Communities in Vienna. „in: ASEAS –Austrian
Journal of South- East Asian Studies, 4(1), 180-190.
• Fassman, Heinz/Reger Ursula. 2008. “Austria: From Guest Worker Migration to a Country of Immigration”, IDEA Working Papers No. 1, Dec 2008. URL.: http://www.idea6fp.uw.edu.pl/pliki/WP1_Austria.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Gingrich, Andre. 1998. “Frontier Myths of Orientalism. The Muslim World in Public and Popular Cultures of Central Europe”, in: Baskar, Bojan/ Brumen, Borut (eds.): Mess: Mediterranean Ethnological Summer School, Piran, Pirano, Slovenia 1996 Vol. 2. Ljubljana: Inštitut za multikulturne raziskave, 99-127.
• Givens, Terri. 2007. “Immigrant Integration in Europe: Empirical Research”. In: Annual Review of
Political Science 10, 67-83.
• Gupta, Akhil/ Ferguson, James. 1992. “Beyond “Culture”: Space, Identity, and the politics of
Difference”, in: Cultural Anthropology 7/1, 6-23.
• Hall, Stuart. 2009. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage, 223-291.
• Heath, Anthony/Rothan Catherine/Kilpi, Elina. 2008. “The Second Generation in Western Europe:
Education, Unemployment, and Occupational Attainment”, in: Annual Review of Sociology 34,
211-235.
• Horevitz, Elisabeth. 2009. “Understanding the Anthropology of Immigration and Migration”, in:
Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Volume 19, Issue 6, 745 – 758.
• Kearney, Michael. 1986. “From the Invisible Hand to Visible Feet. Anthropological Studies of
Migration and Development”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 15, 331-361.
• Kearney, Michael. 1995. “The local and the global: The Anthropology of Globalization and
Transnationalism”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 24, 547-565.
• Kraler, Albert/ Stacher, Irene. 2002. "Migration Dynamics in Austria: Patterns and Policies in the
19th and 20th century" in: Historische Sozialkunde. Geschichte-Fachdidaktik-Politische Bildung, Special Issue 2002, International Migration, pp.51-65.
• Krzyzanowski, Michal/Wodak Ruth 2008. Debating Migration in Austria. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, (selected readings).
• Koser, Khalid. 2007. International Migration. A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1-16.
• Levitt, Peggy and Jaworsky Nadya. 2007. “Transnational Migration Studies: Past Developments and Future Trends”, in Annual Review of Sociology 33, 129-156.
• Lindo, Flip. 2005. “The concept of integration. Theoretical concerns and practical meaning”, in:
Fronseca Lucinda, Maria/ Malheiros, Jorge (eds.): Social integration and Mobility: education, housing & health. IMISCOE Cluster B5-State of the Art Report. Lisbon: CEG, 7-18.
• Mahler, Sarah J./ Pessar Patricia R. 2009. “Gender Matters. Ethnographers bring gender from the periphery toward the core of migration studies”, in: Six-Hohenbalken, Maria/ Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Aspekte. Wien: Facultas.wuv, 205-228.
• Pedraza, Silvia. 1991. “Women and Migration: The Social Consequence of Gender”, in: Annual
Review of Sociology. Volume 17, Issue 10, 1991, 303-325
• Perchinig, Bernhard. 2007. “Migration in Austria”, in: Overhaus, Marco/Maull, Hanns W. and Harnisch, Sebastian (eds.): Foreign Policy in Dialogue Volume 8, Issue 22, May 2007, 25-33. URL.: http://www.deutsche-aussenpolitik.de/newsletter/issue22.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Pettigrew, Thomas. 1998. “Reactions towards the New Minorities of Western Europe”, in: Annual
Review of Sociology 24, 77-103.
• Pine, Francis. 2003. “Gender”, in: Barnard, Alan/Spencer, Jonathan (eds.): Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Routledge, 253-261.
• Pollack, David C., and Van Reken, Ruth E. 2001. Third Culture Kids: The Experience of Growing
Up Among Worlds. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press, 6-20.
• Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. 2008. “Anthropology in History and the explanation of Cultural Diversity”, in: Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. (eds.): Cultural Anthropology. A perspective on the Human Condition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 65-85.
• Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. 2008. “Dimensions of Inequality in the Contemporary
World: Class, Caste, Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism”, in: Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. (eds.): Cultural Anthropology. A perspective on the Human Condition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 327-355.
• Silverstein, Paul A. 2005. “Immigrant Racialization and the New Savage Slot: Race, Migration,
and Immigration in the New Europe”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 34, 363-384.
• Strasser, Sabine/Kroner, Gudrun/Herzog-Punzenberger, Barbara. 2009. “From Margin to
Mainstream? Migration Studies and Social Anthropology in Austria”, in: Six-Hohenbalken, Maria/
Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre
Aspekte. Wien: Facultas.wuv, 127-142.
• Vertovek, Stevan. 2009. Transnationalism. New York: Routledge, 1-20.
• Watkins, Francis. 2003. “Migration”, in: Barnard, Alan/Spencer, Jonathan (eds.): Encyclopedia of
Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Routledge, 370-371.
• Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism. London/New York: Verso.
• Austrian Forum for Migration Studies (OeFM). Statistics on Austria's foreign population as well as links to other migration-related institutions. http://www.oefm.org/findit.html [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Barth, Frederic (ed.). 1969. Ethnic groups and boundaries. The Social Organization of Culture
Difference. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
• Kimberlina, Sara E. 2009. “Synthesizing Social Science Theories of Immigration”, in: Journal of
Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Volume 19, Issue 6, 2009, 759–771.
• Markom, Christa. 2009. „Geschichte der Migrationsforschung: Interdisziplinäre Verflechtung“, in: Six-Hohenbalken, Maria/ Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Aspekte. Wien: Facultas.wuv, 29-49.
• Strasser, Elisabeth: "Was ist Migration? Zentrale Begriffe und Typologien“, in: Six-Hohenbalken,
Maria/ Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Aspekte. Wien: Facultas.wuv, 15-28.
• Weigl, Andreas. 2009. Migration und Integration. Eine widersprüchliche Geschichte. Innsbruck: Studienverlag.
• Werbner, Richard P. 1984. “The Manchester School in South-Central Africa”, in: Annual Review of
Anthropology 13, 157-185.
Brief Biography of Instructor:
Katharina Klettermayer earned her M.A in social and cultural anthropology at the University of Vienna. Her research interests are the anthropology of development, gender studies, migration studies as well as medical anthropology. She has been working for the Romano Centro in Vienna, an Austrian NPO that supports Roma and Sinti living in Vienna for several years. Furthermore she is a member of Fair Trade Austria that aims to help producers in development countries make better trading conditions and promote sustainability. Her research experience in various fields, her international background and her extensive travels to Asia, Africa, Europe and the United States have strengthened her interest in working and exchanging with people from all parts of the globe.
As a destination for migrants Austria is more attractive than ever before, receiving more migrants and asylum seekers than Germany or Switzerland, relative to its size. Austria is an immigration country, but politics and the public have realized this only partially. Migration is not a process to be understood only in economic and political terms but also as a socio-cultural process that is mediated by various others factors. This course, based on a conglomerate of various sources, should give a picture of Austria and its history of immigration. This includes an explanation of terms and typologies of migration, immigration and emigration where theories and models that consider the origins, the effects, and the continuities of people moving to different spaces are introduced. Furthermore the experiences as well as migrant communities and their networks in Vienna are introduced where special attention is given to the representation of immigrants in contemporary Austrian public discourses.
Previous course in social sciences is recommended, though not required.
By the end of the course, students are expected to:
• Differentiate between the terms migration, immigration and emigration and consider these in relation to the Austrian political and historical setting.
• Have a basic understanding of the current stand of research in the field of migration studies in the broader context of social and cultural anthropology.
• Recognize the variable gender as a principle factor that characterizes social life and that operates in different aspects of migration.
• Appreciate the opportunities and recognize the challenges of immigration.
• Detect various discourses around immigrants in public debates and the media.
• Realize common challenges and responses concerning people with migrant backgrounds in a globalized world.
Lectures, student presentations, discussions, field trips, film viewing
• Guided tour to the 1st district in Vienna: “The Turkish Vienna”: Das Türkische Wien. Spurensuche
einer Jahrhundert- lang währenden Feind-und Freundschaft.
• Fieldtrip to a public institution that provides teaching assistance to children with migrational backgrounds.
• African Catholic Community in the 5th district in Vienna.
• Guest-presentation by a member of the organization ZARA: “Civil Courage and Anti-Racism
Work”.
The students are expected to prepare for and participate in classes. The course is graded as follows: midterm exam 20%, presentation in class 30%, class participation & journal 20%, and final exam & written assignment 30%.
The midterm and the final exam are a combination of the following types of questions: essay and short answers. The written assignment is a research paper on a subject matter relevant to the course topic, and will be due in the last class session. The written assignment entails a list of references, a personal reflection and a literature review for a total length of 10-12 pages. The presentation gives students the opportunity to present their research findings from the written assignment. The journal consists of small exercises assigned on a weekly basis. In the journal students are expected to personally reflect on subject matters discussed in class, including current issues on immigration taken from weekly readings/listening of serious online newspapers/radio programs (Exp. Vienna Review, The Austrian Times, Fm4 Radio) to keep up to date on current immigration issues. They are asked to formulate their own opinions regarding topics. Class participation refers to the extent students are involved in class and are prepared when coming to class, as well as actively participating in discussions and fieldtrips.
Week 1. Introduction
The aims of the course will be introduced. Definitions of migration, immigration, and emigration will be covered. Central terms, typologies and statistics will be established. Special attention will be given to typologies currently prevalent in Austria.
Required reading:
• Koser, Khalid. 2007. International Migration. A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1-16.
• Perchinig, Bernhard. 2007. “Migration in Austria”, in: Overhaus, Marco/Maull, Hanns W. and Harnisch, Sebastian (eds.): Foreign Policy in Dialogue Volume 8, Issue 22, May 2007, 25-33. URL.: http://www.deutsche-aussenpolitik.de/newsletter/issue22.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Böse, Martina/Haberfellner, Regina/Koldas ,Ayhan. 2001. A short Overview of Immigration to Austria in Mapping Minorities and their Media: The National Context, 2-10. URL.: https://www.zsi.at/attach/MinoritiesMedia_AT2001.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
Recommended reading:
• IMO. International Organization for Migration. Homepage. URL.:
http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/austria#mpr [Retrieved 6. 3.2011]
• ICMPD: International Centre for Migration Policy Development. Statistics on Austria's foreign population as well as links to other migration-related institutions. http://research.icmpd.org/projects.html [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
Week 2. History of immigration to Austria
An outline of the long tradition of immigration to Austria will be introduced. A picture of Austria as a country of immigration will be given, including a description and explanation of migration flows, migration policies as well as impacts and integration outcomes. A particular focus will be the period after 1945 with a description and explanation of immigration flows from ex-Yugoslavia, Turkey, Hungary, and Poland. Furthermore, migration policies, impacts and integration outcomes in Austria are discussed.
Required reading:
• Fassman, Heinz/Reger, Ursula. 2008. “Austria: From Guest Worker Migration to a Country of Immigration”, IDEA Working Papers No. 1, Dec 2008, 3-21. URL.: http://www.idea6fp.uw.edu.pl/pliki/WP1_Austria.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Krzyzanowski, Michal/Wodak, Ruth 2008. Debating Migration in Austria. New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction Press. (selected readings)
• Kraler, Albert/ Stacher, Irene. 2002. "Migration Dynamics in Austria: Patterns and Policies in the
19th and 20th century" in: Historische Sozialkunde. Geschichte-Fachdidaktik-Politische Bildung, Special Issue 2002, International Migration, pp.51-65.
Recommended reading:
• Ehmer, Josef/Steidl, Annemarie/Zeitlhofer, Hermann. 2004. Migration Patterns in Late Imperial
Austria. KMI Working Paper 3. URL.: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/kmi/Bilder/kmi_WP3.pdf [Retrieved
5. 2.2011]
Week 3. Theories of migration Part 1: diffusionism/ the Chicago School/urban studies/symbolic interactionism Theories of migration that are relevant in the social sciences will be highlighted. Different methods and theoretical approaches are introduced. Particular examples central to the history of migration theory in the social and cultural anthropological discipline will be selected. Early approaches such as diffusionism, the Chicago School, urban studies, symbolic interactionism to the race relation cycle will be introduced.
Required reading:
• Brettell, Caroline B. 2008. “Migration Theory. Talking across Disciplines”, in: Brettell, Caroline
B./Hollifield, James F. (eds.): Migration Theory. Talking Across Disciplines. New York/London: Routledge, 1-29.
• Brettell, Caroline B. 2008. “Theorizing Migration in Anthropology. The Social Construction of Networks, Identities, Communities, and Globalscapes”, in: Brettell, Caroline B./Hollifield, James F. (eds.): Migration Theory. Talking Across Disciplines. New York/London: Routledge, 113-120.
• Strasser, Sabine/Kroner, Gudrun/Herzog-Punzenberger, Barbara. 2009. “From Margin to
Mainstream? Migration Studies and Social Anthropology in Austria”, in: Six-Hohenbalken, Maria/Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Aspekte. Wien: Facultas. wuv, 127-142.
• Watkins, Francis. 2003. “Migration”, in: Barnard, Alan/Spencer, Jonathan (eds.): Encyclopedia of
Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Routledge, 370-371.
Recommended reading:
• Werbner, Richard P. 1984. “The Manchester School in South-Central Africa”, in: Annual Review of
Anthropology 13, 157-185.
Week 4. Theories of migration Part 2: Theories of modernization/dependency/articulation. Theoretical approaches to migration that provide different analytical tools to understand the movement of people to different spaces will be highlighted. Migration as modernization, migration as dependency, migration as articulation, and migration viewed from a transnational perspective will be discussed.
Required reading:
• Kearney, Michael. 1986. “From the Invisible Hand to Visible Feet. Anthropological Studies
of Migration and Development”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 15, 331-361.
• Vertovek, Stevan. 2009. Transnationalism. New York: Routledge, 1-20.
• Horevitz, Elisabeth. 2009. “Understanding the Anthropology of Immigration and
Migration”, in: Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Volume 19, Issue 6,
745–758.
Recommended reading:
• Kimberlina, Sara E. 2009. “Synthesizing Social Science Theories of Immigration”, in: Journal of
Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Volume 19, Issue 6, 2009, 759-771.
Week 5 Migration and Gender
Gender is recognized as a critical force that shapes migrant households, kinship, and social networks. Gender is a key constitutive element of migration, since migration is not a process to be understood only in economic and political terms but also as a socio-cultural process mediated by gendered and kinship ideologies, institutions and practices.
Required reading:
• Mahler, Sarah J./Pessar Patricia R. 2009. “Gender Matters. Ethnographers bring gender
from the periphery toward the core of migration studies”, in: Six-Hohenbalken, Maria/Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Aspekte. Wien: Facultas. wuv, 205-228.
• Pine, Francis. 2003. “Gender”, in: Barnard, Alan/Spencer, Jonathan (eds.): Encyclopedia of
Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Routledge, 253-261.
• Pedraza, Silvia. 1991. “Women and Migration: The Social Consequence of Gender”, in:
Annual Review of Sociology. Volume 17, Issue 10, 1991, 303-325
Week 6. Mid-term exam
Week 7. The representations of immigrants in contemporary Austrian public discourses. Part 1
The racialization and exotisation of the (im)migrant “other” is explored.
Required reading:
• Silverstein, Paul A. 2005. “Immigrant Racialization and the New Savage Slot: Race, Migration,
and Immigration in the New Europe”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 34, 363-384.
• Hall, Stuart. 2009. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage, 223-291.
• Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. 2008. “Anthropology in History and the explanation of Cultural Diversity”, in: Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. (eds.): Cultural Anthropology. A perspective on the Human Condition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 65-85.
• Ashcroft, B., Griffiths G. & Tiffin, Helen. (2005). “Other/other”, in: Ashcroft, B., Griffiths G. &
Tiffin, Helen. (eds.): Post-Colonial Studies. The key Concepts. London, New York: Routledge, 94-
95.
• Ashcroft, B., Griffiths G. & Tiffin, Helen. (2005). Exotic/Exoticism. In: Post-Colonial Studies. The key concepts.London, New York: Routledge. 94-95
• Pettigrew, Thomas. 1998. “Reactions towards the New Minorities of Western Europe”, in: Annual
Review of Sociology 24, 77-103.
Week 8. The representations of immigrants in contemporary Austrian public discourses. Part 2
Portrayals of immigrants in newspapers, television and the internet are discussed. Current events and issues are addressed. Students will explore Austrian media images and compare them to images of immigrants in the United States.
Required reading:
• Gingrich, Andre. 1998. “Frontier Myths of Orientalism. The Muslim World in Public and Popular
Cultures of Central Europe”, in: Baskar, Bojan/Brumen, Borut (eds.): Mess: Mediterranean Ethnological Summer School, Piran, Pirano, Slovenia 1996 Vol. 2. Ljubljana: Inštitut za multikulturne raziskave, 99-127.
• Bunzl, Matti. 2005. “Between anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Some thoughts on new Europe”,
in: American Ethnologist 32/4, 499-508.
• Böse, Martina/Haberfellner, Regina/Koldas ,Ayhan. 2001. A short Overview of Immigration to Austria in Mapping Minorities and their Media: The National Context. 10- 25 URL.: https://www.zsi.at/attach/MinoritiesMedia_AT2001.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Heath, Anthony/Rothan Catherine/Kilpi, Elina. 2008. “The Second Generation in Western Europe: Education, Unemployment, and Occupational Attainment”, in: Annual Review of Sociology 34,
211-235.
Fieldtrip:
• Das Türkische Wien: “The Turkish Vienna”, Seeking traces of a century long relationship. Guided tour in the 1st District.
Week 9. Migrant communities in Vienna.
Examples of migrant communities and their networks in Vienna are introduced, with focus on Indians, Nigerians, and Turks living in Austria. Students are encouraged to do research about migrant communities in the U.S.A and/or focus on their own experiences regarding their family’s migration backgrounds.
Film viewing: “Harlem in Wien“ 2005
Fieldtrip:
• African Catholic Community in the 5th district in Vienna.
Required reading:
• World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People. URL.:
http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1879#current [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Butratana Kosita/ Trupp, Alexander. 2011. “Thai Communities in Vienna”, in: ASEAS –Austrian
Journal of South- East Asian Studies, 4(1), 180-190.
• Ahmed, Sara. 2000. “Home and Away: Narratives of Migration and Estrangement”, in Strange
Encounters. Embodied others in Post-coloniality. London, New York: Routledge 75-95.
Week 10. Local examples of Global Connectedness: Ethnicity, Identity, and the politics of difference. Part 1. The concepts culture, identity, community and nation are discussed as spatial assumptions that are not fixed entities but are continuously changing. Furthermore the production of differences within common, shared, and connected spaces is discussed.
Required reading:
• Gupta, Akhil and Ferguson, James. 1992. “Beyond “Culture”: Space, Identity, and the politics of
Difference”, in: Cultural Anthropology 7/1, 6-23.
• Pollack, David C., and Van Reken, Ruth E. 2001. Third Culture Kids: The Experience of Growing
Up Among Worlds. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press, 6-20.
• Kearney, Michael. 1995. “The local and the global: The Anthropology of Globalization and
Transnationalism”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 24, 547-565.
• Levitt, Peggy and Jaworsky Nadya. 2007. “Transnational Migration Studies: Past Developments and Future Trends”, in Annual Review of Sociology 33, 129-156.
Recommended reading:
• Barth, Frederic (ed.). 1969. Ethnic groups and boundaries. The Social Organization of Culture
Difference. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
• Eriksen, Thomas H. 1996. “Ethnicity, Race, Class and Nation”, in: Hutchinson John/Smith
Anthony. New York: Oxford Press, 25-35.
Week 11. Local examples of Global Connectedness: Ethnicity, Identity, and the politics of difference Part 2.
Required reading:
• Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. 2008. “Dimensions of Inequality in the Contemporary World: Class, Caste, Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism”, in: Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. (eds.): Cultural Anthropology. A perspective on the Human Condition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 327-355.
• Givens, Terri. 2007. “Immigrant Integration in Europe: Empirical Research”. In: Annual Review of
Political Science 10, 67-83. Recommended reading:
• Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism. London/New York: Verso.
Week 12. Final Exam
• Ahmed, Sara. 2000. “Home and Away: Narratives of Migration and Estrangement”, in Strange
Encounters. Embodied others in Post-coloniality. London, New York: Routledge 75-95.
• Ashcroft, B., Griffiths G. & Tiffin, Helen. (2005). “Other/other”, in: Ashcroft, B., Griffiths G. & Tiffin, Helen. (eds.): Post-Colonial Studies. The key Concepts. London, New York: Routledge, 94-
95.
• Böse, Martina/Haberfellner, Regina/Koldas ,Ayhan. 2001. A short Overview of Immigration to Austria in Mapping Minorities and their Media: The National Context, 2-25. URL.: https://www.zsi.at/attach/MinoritiesMedia_AT2001.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Brettell, Caroline B. 2008. “Migration Theory. Talking across Disciplines”, in: Brettell, Caroline B./Hollifield, James F. (eds.): Migration Theory. Talking Across Disciplines. New York/London: Routledge, 1-29.
• Brettell, Caroline B. 2008. “Theorizing Migration in Anthropogy. The Social Construction of
Networks, Identities, Communities, and Globalscapes”, in: Brettell, Caroline B./ Hollifield, James
F. (eds.): Migration Theory. Talking Across Disciplines. New York/London: Routledge, 113-120.
• Bunzl, Matti. 2005. “Between anti-Semitism and Islamophobia: Some thoughts on new Europe”, in: American Ethnologist 32/4, 499-508.
• Butratana Kosita/ Trupp, Alexander. 2011. “Thai Communities in Vienna. „in: ASEAS –Austrian
Journal of South- East Asian Studies, 4(1), 180-190.
• Fassman, Heinz/Reger Ursula. 2008. “Austria: From Guest Worker Migration to a Country of Immigration”, IDEA Working Papers No. 1, Dec 2008. URL.: http://www.idea6fp.uw.edu.pl/pliki/WP1_Austria.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Gingrich, Andre. 1998. “Frontier Myths of Orientalism. The Muslim World in Public and Popular Cultures of Central Europe”, in: Baskar, Bojan/ Brumen, Borut (eds.): Mess: Mediterranean Ethnological Summer School, Piran, Pirano, Slovenia 1996 Vol. 2. Ljubljana: Inštitut za multikulturne raziskave, 99-127.
• Givens, Terri. 2007. “Immigrant Integration in Europe: Empirical Research”. In: Annual Review of
Political Science 10, 67-83.
• Gupta, Akhil/ Ferguson, James. 1992. “Beyond “Culture”: Space, Identity, and the politics of
Difference”, in: Cultural Anthropology 7/1, 6-23.
• Hall, Stuart. 2009. Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. London: Sage, 223-291.
• Heath, Anthony/Rothan Catherine/Kilpi, Elina. 2008. “The Second Generation in Western Europe:
Education, Unemployment, and Occupational Attainment”, in: Annual Review of Sociology 34,
211-235.
• Horevitz, Elisabeth. 2009. “Understanding the Anthropology of Immigration and Migration”, in:
Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Volume 19, Issue 6, 745 – 758.
• Kearney, Michael. 1986. “From the Invisible Hand to Visible Feet. Anthropological Studies of
Migration and Development”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 15, 331-361.
• Kearney, Michael. 1995. “The local and the global: The Anthropology of Globalization and
Transnationalism”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 24, 547-565.
• Kraler, Albert/ Stacher, Irene. 2002. "Migration Dynamics in Austria: Patterns and Policies in the
19th and 20th century" in: Historische Sozialkunde. Geschichte-Fachdidaktik-Politische Bildung, Special Issue 2002, International Migration, pp.51-65.
• Krzyzanowski, Michal/Wodak Ruth 2008. Debating Migration in Austria. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, (selected readings).
• Koser, Khalid. 2007. International Migration. A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1-16.
• Levitt, Peggy and Jaworsky Nadya. 2007. “Transnational Migration Studies: Past Developments and Future Trends”, in Annual Review of Sociology 33, 129-156.
• Lindo, Flip. 2005. “The concept of integration. Theoretical concerns and practical meaning”, in:
Fronseca Lucinda, Maria/ Malheiros, Jorge (eds.): Social integration and Mobility: education, housing & health. IMISCOE Cluster B5-State of the Art Report. Lisbon: CEG, 7-18.
• Mahler, Sarah J./ Pessar Patricia R. 2009. “Gender Matters. Ethnographers bring gender from the periphery toward the core of migration studies”, in: Six-Hohenbalken, Maria/ Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Aspekte. Wien: Facultas.wuv, 205-228.
• Pedraza, Silvia. 1991. “Women and Migration: The Social Consequence of Gender”, in: Annual
Review of Sociology. Volume 17, Issue 10, 1991, 303-325
• Perchinig, Bernhard. 2007. “Migration in Austria”, in: Overhaus, Marco/Maull, Hanns W. and Harnisch, Sebastian (eds.): Foreign Policy in Dialogue Volume 8, Issue 22, May 2007, 25-33. URL.: http://www.deutsche-aussenpolitik.de/newsletter/issue22.pdf [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Pettigrew, Thomas. 1998. “Reactions towards the New Minorities of Western Europe”, in: Annual
Review of Sociology 24, 77-103.
• Pine, Francis. 2003. “Gender”, in: Barnard, Alan/Spencer, Jonathan (eds.): Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Routledge, 253-261.
• Pollack, David C., and Van Reken, Ruth E. 2001. Third Culture Kids: The Experience of Growing
Up Among Worlds. Yarmouth: Intercultural Press, 6-20.
• Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. 2008. “Anthropology in History and the explanation of Cultural Diversity”, in: Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. (eds.): Cultural Anthropology. A perspective on the Human Condition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 65-85.
• Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. 2008. “Dimensions of Inequality in the Contemporary
World: Class, Caste, Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism”, in: Schultz, Emily A./Lavenda, Robert H. (eds.): Cultural Anthropology. A perspective on the Human Condition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 327-355.
• Silverstein, Paul A. 2005. “Immigrant Racialization and the New Savage Slot: Race, Migration,
and Immigration in the New Europe”, in: Annual Review of Anthropology 34, 363-384.
• Strasser, Sabine/Kroner, Gudrun/Herzog-Punzenberger, Barbara. 2009. “From Margin to
Mainstream? Migration Studies and Social Anthropology in Austria”, in: Six-Hohenbalken, Maria/
Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre
Aspekte. Wien: Facultas.wuv, 127-142.
• Vertovek, Stevan. 2009. Transnationalism. New York: Routledge, 1-20.
• Watkins, Francis. 2003. “Migration”, in: Barnard, Alan/Spencer, Jonathan (eds.): Encyclopedia of
Social and Cultural Anthropology. New York: Routledge, 370-371.
• World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous People. URL.:
http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1879#current [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism. London/New York: Verso.
• Austrian Forum for Migration Studies (OeFM). Statistics on Austria's foreign population as well as links to other migration-related institutions.
http://www.oefm.org/findit.html [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Barth, Frederic (ed.). 1969. Ethnic groups and boundaries. The Social Organization of Culture
Difference. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
• Commission for Migration and Integration Research: Working Papers. Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften - Homepage. URL.: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/kmi/working-papers.htm
• Ehmer, Josef/Steidl, Annemarie/Zeitlhofer, Hermann. 2004. Migration Patterns in Late Imperial
Austria. KMI Working Paper 3. URL.: http://www.oeaw.ac.at/kmi/Bilder/kmi_WP3.pdf [Retrieved
5. 2.2011]
• Eriksen, Thomas H. 1996. “Ethnicity, Race, Class and Nation”, in: Hutchinson John/Smith
Anthony. New York: Oxford Press, 25-35.
• Fassmann, Heinz (ed.). 2007. 2. Österreichischer Migrations- und Integrationsbericht 2001-2006. Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen, demographische Entwicklungen, sozioökonomische Strukturen. Klagenfurt/Celovec: Drava.
• IMO. International Organization for Migration. Homepage. http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/austria#mpr [Retrieved 5. 2.2011]
• Kimberlina, Sara E. 2009. “Synthesizing Social Science Theories of Immigration”, in: Journal of
Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Volume 19, Issue 6, 2009, 759–771.
• Markom, Christa. 2009. „Geschichte der Migrationsforschung: Interdisziplinäre Verflechtung“, in: Six-Hohenbalken, Maria/ Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Aspekte. Wien: Facultas.wuv, 29-49.
• Strasser, Elisabeth: "Was ist Migration? Zentrale Begriffe und Typologien“, in: Six-Hohenbalken,
Maria/ Tošić, Jelena (eds.): Anthropologie der Migration. Theoretische Grundlagen und interdisziplinäre Aspekte. Wien: Facultas.wuv, 15-28.
• Weigl, Andreas. 2009. Migration und Integration. Eine widersprüchliche Geschichte. Innsbruck: Studienverlag.
• Werbner, Richard P. 1984. “The Manchester School in South-Central Africa”, in: Annual Review of
Anthropology 13, 157-185.
Katharina Klettermayer earned her M.A in social and cultural anthropology at the University of Vienna. Her research interests are the anthropology of development, gender studies, migration studies as well as medical anthropology. She has been working for the Romano Centro in Vienna, an Austrian NPO that supports Roma and Sinti living in Vienna for several years. Furthermore she is a member of Fair Trade Austria that aims to help producers in development countries make better trading conditions and promote sustainability. Her research experience in various fields, her international background and her extensive travels to Asia, Africa, Europe and the United States have strengthened her interest in working and exchanging with people from all parts of the globe.