Social entrepreneurship is one of the most high-impact and sustainable innovations for solving society’s most difficult challenges in Europe and across the globe. Social Entrepreneurs have won Nobel Peace Prizes, radicalised health care systems, brought endless citizens out of hopeless situations of poverty, and led change to reduce corruption, crime and racism. Social innovators that support the movement have found endless ways to create positive change in almost every sector imaginable. Social innovation and social entrepreneurship in the EU is as diverse and rich as the Member States themselves.
This course will provide you with an entrepreneurial, business and social understanding of the phenomena of social innovation and social entrepreneurship. Your ability to view and understand solutions for solving society’s challenges with an analytical and entrepreneurial approach will be developed. Whether you plan to work in politics and policy, business, finance, education, social service, development, health, peace or any other field, social innovation and social entrepreneurship are relevant to your future. During this semester we will seek to understand the many facets of social innovation, the movement of social entrepreneurship and its development and practice within Europe. What will you learn is certain to inspire and may also spark the changemaker within.
Prerequisites:
A course in PO or BUS/COM or SOC
Attendance policy:
All IES Abroad courses require attendance and participation (see participation grade breakdown above). Attendance is mandatory per IES Abroad policy. Any unexcused absence will incur a penalty of 3% on your final grade. Any student who has more than three (3) unexcused absences will receive an “F” as the final grade in the course. Absences due to sickness, religious observances, and family emergencies may be excusable at the discretion of the Center Director.
In the case of an excused absence, it is the student’s responsibility to inform the Academic Dean of the absence with an Official Excused Absence Form, as well as any other relevant documentation (e.g. a doctor’s note), and to keep a record thereof. This form must be turned in as soon as possible before the class, in the case of a planned absence, or immediately after the class, in the case of an unplanned absence, in order for the absence to be considered excused. It is also the student’s responsibility to inform the professor of the missed class. Students can collect and submit the Official Excused Absence Form from the office of the Academic Dean.
TESTS MISSED DURING UNEXCUSED ABSENCES CANNOT BE MADE UP. Assignments that are handed in after the due date will be penalized, unless the student’s absence on the due date has been excused.
The use of laptop computers during class is not permitted unless for presentation purposes in coordination with the instructor. Cell phones are to be switched off. Updated information on your course and readings can be found on the Moodle platform at https://eu.elearning.iesabroad.org/.
Learning outcomes:
Understand the evolution of social entrepreneurship and the economic, business and social relevance behind the innovation.
Based on field study and course lectures, experience and analyse the social entrepreneurship movement in practice in Europe, its diverse application and how social entrepreneurs use innovation to solve social problems.
Appreciate and apply the pre-conditions of social innovation and social entrepreneurship, such as leadership, critical and creative thinking, ethical conduct, entrepreneurship, empathy and civic engagement.
Develop the ability and aptitude to think critically about society’s challenges and have the confidence to propose innovative solutions.
Discern the economic and social impact as well as policy implications of social entrepreneurship.
Create a business/action plan for social innovation within a European context.
Articulate and launch a personalised approach for leadership and application of the principles of social entrepreneurship and innovation for creating change locally and globally.
Method of presentation:
Lectures
Video Clips
Student presentations, exchange and discussion
Student simulations, scenarios and entrepreneurial-based problem-solving
Study of current events demonstrating societies’ challenges (environment, climate, social, conflict, poverty) and application to the topic
Workshop activities within class
Field study to learn from local social innovators in the Freiburg region as well as applying EU Member States Study Trip observations to course content
The course will be supplemented with local and current articles as well as current research. The work of one social entrepreneur in Europe will be presented then discussed by students in each class.
Required work and form of assessment:
Participation (20%)
Personal Statement on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation (5%)
Final Term Project Proposal (10%)
Mid-term Exam (15%)
Team Project (15%)
Team Presentation (10%)
Final Term Project (25%)
1. Participation (20%) that will be assessed as follows:
Regular Participation: Active demonstration of knowledge of the readings and motivated participation in class discussions -15%
Empathy Participation Exercise - 5%
It is proposed that we use peer evaluation and peer grading for your 15% “Regular Participation” grade. We will discuss this in class session 1 and base our decision on whether or not to use peer evaluation based on class consensus after the add/drop period in class session 3.
2. Personal Statement on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation (5%) to be handed in on class session 3. (Maximum 250 words or 1 page)
3. Course Term Project Proposal (10%): Social Entrepreneurship Business Plan Outline for your proposal for using a social-innovation and entrepreneurial-based approach for solving a European problem that concerns you to be handed in in class session 7. The readings and guides from Session 13 will help you to prepare and a guideline will be provided by the instructor. (Maximum 2 pages that follow the guidelines)
4. Mid-term exam (15%): A mid-way evaluation (class session 11) to ensure that the basic concepts behind social entrepreneurship and innovation have been clearly understood.
5. Team Project (15%): EU Social Entrepreneurship Case Study. You will choose a European Social Entrepreneur and prepare a case study that will include:
an overview of the person or group implementing the innovation
what problem they set out to solve
what challenges you believe that they now face
what personal traits and organizational strategies are key to success or hinder their progress for the future.
what lessons could be learned for replication of the innovation
The case study will be handed in on Session number 14.
(Maximum 4 pages, in a group of at least 3 students)
6. Team Presentation (10%): EU Social Entrepreneurship Case Study with post-IES Member State trip reflection. You will present your case study to class and add reflections of at least three observations or experiences from your Member State Trip. These could include problems that you saw on your trip that could benefit from the SE/SI approach, or inspirational SE/SI experienced that you observed that should be shared. Your presentation will be followed by exchange within the group.
7. Final Term Project- Social Entrepreneurship Business Plan and Inspiration for your journey for Change and Innovation (25%) to be handed in class session number 17.
You have developed your business or action plan based on your Term Project Business Plan proposal. All key elements of a business plan for social innovation as outlined in class, in your research (primary and secondary) will be included in a summarized form of maximum of 10 pages including graphics and images.
(Maximum 10 pages, or 2500 words)
content:
I. The Evolution of a Movement for Change and Innovation
Session 1: Welcome to a New Way of Seeing the World. Session 2: Understanding Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation. Session 3: From Say to Schumpeter to Drucker: What is Entrepreneurship? Session 4: Solving the World’s Problems: Whose Job is it? Session 5: Empathy: The Precursor to Social Innovation and All that it Brings. Session 6: Leadership for Social Innovation and Social Change.
II. Diverse, Unique and Complex: Social Entrepreneurship in Europe
Session 7: Understanding SE in the European Context: How is the space in Europe unique? Session 8: Social Entrepreneurship in Germany Session 9: Social Entrepreneurship in Other European “Welfare States” Session 10: SE in the “Newer” European Member States: unique challenges and deeper innovation? Session 11: Mid Term Exam – (15%), Mid-way Course Evaluation
III. The Road to Becoming a Changemaker: Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Practice
Session 12: The Practice of Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship Session 13: The Concept of Social Capital and Value and the Networks that Help to Build Them. Session 14: Putting it all together – the Business Plan for Social Change. Session 15: Understanding the Social Investment Space. Session 16: To Scale or not to Scale. What to do if Your Business Plan Works? Session 17: Student Case Study Presentations and Student Exchange (10%) Session 18: What Kind of Changemaker Will You Be?
DETAILED COURSE CONTENT:
Introduction
I. The Evolution of a Movement for Change and Innovation
Session 1: Welcome to a New Way of Seeing the World.
Course Introduction
This session will focus on group introductions as well as a review of the course content, evaluation, student deliverables and learning outcomes. Through a participatory workshop, we will attempt to discern where we stand in the social innovation and social entrepreneurship space to support the preparation of a one page “Personal Statement on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation” due in class session 3.
Expectations will be clearly communicated so that you understand the importance of your “learning investment” versus your “learning return on investment” and we will set the course of our three month journey that may just make you think differently about almost everything you do.
Welcome and Introductions
Review of course syllabus
Social Entrepreneurship workshop – how do you define the movement?
Class exchange on goals and expectations
Required Reading:
Martin, R. and S. Osberg. “Social Entrepreneurship: The Case for Definition” in Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring 2007 . pp 28-39.
Recommended Readings:
Bornstein, D. 2004. How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas. New York. Oxford University Press. pp 1-60. Chapters 1-5.
Session 2: Understanding Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation.
Social Entrepreneurship and the innovation that serves as its beacon, will be of the most important forms of global leadership in the decades to come.
This session will help you understand the basic (and debated) concepts of social innovation and social entrepreneurship that will guide you throughout the term.
Required Readings:
Phills Jr. J., K. Deiglmeier, and D. Miller. “Rediscovering Social Innovation” in Stanford Social Innovation Review Fall 2008. Pp34-43.
Samer Abu-Saifan . “Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries” in Technology Innovation Management Review. Feb. 2012. Pp24-27.
Brooks. A. Social Entrepreneurship: A Modern Approach to Social Value Creation. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall. 2009. Pp 1-22. (Chapter 1-An Introduction to Social Entpreneurship).
Recommended Readings:
Praszkier, R. and A. Nowak. Social Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. New York. Cambridge University Press. 2012. Pp 1- 25.
Session 3: From Say to Schumpeter to Drucker: What is Entrepreneurship?
ASSIGNMENT DUE TODAY: Personal Statement on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation (5%)
What is entrepreneurship and who are entrepreneurs? We will examine entrepreneurial thought and how it has evolved to date. Together we will discuss what makes entrepreneurship different when one places the word “social” in front of it. We will analyse 1-2 simple some business and social problems and determine how an entrepreneur would seek to solve them.
Required Readings
Boddice, R. “Forgotten antecedents: entrepreneurship, ideology and history”, in An Introduction Entrepreneurship Voices, Preconditions, Contexts. (ed.) R. Ziegler. Cheltenham, UK. Edward Elgar. 2009
Hagedoorn, J. “Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Schumpeter Revisited” in Industrial and Coporate Change. Vol. 5. Num. 3. 1996.
Swedberg, R. “Schmupteter’s full model of entrepreneurship: economic, non-economic and social entrepreneurship” in An Introduction Entrepreneurship Voices, Preconditions, Contexts. (ed.) R. Ziegler. Cheltenham, UK. Edward Elgar. 2009
Recommended Reading:
Mirjam van praag, C. “Some Classic Views on Entrepreneurship” in De Economist 147, No. 3, 1999.
Session 4: Solving the World’s Problems: Whose Job is it?
Here we will view poverty, violence, racism, discrimination, environmental degradation, unemployment, illness, education and other societal challenges. Our debate may focus on strategies that focus on charity vs. capitalism, social work vs entrepreneurship, indigenous knowledge vs new technologies? Who should do what?
Required Readings:
Schwartz ,B. Rippling: How Social Entrepreneurs Spread Innovation throughout the World. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass. 2012. Part 3. Chapter 11.
Mitra C. and A. Borza. “The Role Of Corporate Social Responsibility in Social Entrepreneurship” in Management & Marketing Challenges for Knowledge Society. 2010. Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 63-76
Session 5: Empathy: The Precursor to Social Innovation and All that it Brings.
Empathy is the ability to understand how others feel. It is at the core of our existence as human beings and compels us to act compassionately while reasoning alone often leads us to act in our own interest.
The absence of empathy is one of the causes of bad business practices and politics, corruption, aggression and violence, apathy towards the environment, conflict, neglect and racism to name a few. Have we lost our empathy as we focus our goals on personal and professional success alone? We will discuss how CEOs, lawyers, politicians, scientists, teachers, social workers, parents and everyone else need to treat empathy as a skill and not just an emotion, why it guides social entrepreneurs and why it is a precursor to social innovation.
Required Readings:
Schwartz ,B. Rippling: How Social Entrepreneurs Spread Innovation throughout the World. San Francisco. Jossey-Bass. 2012. Part 5 - Cultivating Empathy, Chapters 16-17.
Illouz, E. “The culture of management: Self-Interest, empathy and emotional control” in An Introduction Entrepreneurship Voices, Preconditions, Contexts. (ed.) R. Ziegler. Cheltenham, UK. Edward Elgar. 2009
Participation Assignment:
Workshop: using the Roots for Empathy Programme for Children model. You will prepare a similar model for:
1. Profit-oriented CEOs
2. Re-election oriented politicians
3. Goal-oriented NGO Managers
4. Social Housing Project residents with high pollution/low recycling participation (the easiest of the three)
(PREPARATION: required readings for this session)
Session 6: Leadership for Social Innovation and Social Change.
Leaders from all walks of life and of all styles are crucial for the social change needed in today’s world.
We will examine the role of leadership in creating entrepreneurial and innovative approaches to society’s challenges for today and the future. What role does leadership play in the SE/SI movement. How does leadership act as a catalytic function of system change needed where the status quo is no longer “working”.
During this class session we will also discuss your personal leadership role in life and as a changemaker. What are the tools, skills and experiences are best suited to your style and goals, and who you are and how might you support and lead social innovation?
Required Readings:
Alvord, S. L. Brown, and C. Letts. “Social entrepreneurship leadership that facilitates societal transformation— an exploratory study”. Harvard Kennedy School Centre for Public Leadership Working Paper. 2003
Praszkier, R. and A. Nowak. Social Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. New York. Cambridge University Press. 2012. Chapter 11. A New Kind of Leadership, pp. 140-154.
Recommended Readings:
Brown. T amd J. Wyatt. “Design Thinking for Social Innovation” from Stanford Social Innovation Review. Winter 2010.
II. Diverse, Unique and Complex: Social Entrepreneurship in Europe
Session 7: Understanding SE in the European Context: How is the space in Europe unique?
ASSIGNMENT DUE TODAY: Term Project Proposal: Social Entrepreneurship Business Plan Outline. (10%):
Social Entrepreneurship was a term first coined in North America in the 1970s and 80s. How then, is social entrepreneurship seen and understood in Europe? Is it possible to define social entrepreneurship in the European context given the vast differences in history, culture and language in the European continent?
We will attempt to understand the differences and look at social entrepreneurship and social innovation through the European lens.
Required Readings:
Defourny, J. And M. Nyssens. “Conceptions Of Social Enterprise And Social Entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and Divergences” in Journal of Social Entrepreneurship. Vol. 1, No. 1, 32–53. March 2010.
Hulgård, L. “Discourses of social entrepreneurship: Variations of the same theme?” EMES European Research Network Paper. 2010.
Recommended Readings:
Arpinte, D et al. “The Social Economy in the European Union.” Calitatea Vieţii, XXI, nr. 1–2, 2010, p. 137–160
BEPA (Bureau of European Policy Advisors). Empowering people, driving change. Social Innovation in the European Union. European Commission. 2011
Session 8: Social Entrepreneurship in Germany
Is Germany the land of the Sozialunternehmer (German translation of “Social Entrepreneur”) or is there a unique German social innovation within the land of the “Wohlfahrtverbänder” (public welfare organisations)? We will look at the unique German social innovation and entrepreneurship space that exists within a country with a strong history of welfare state and domination of public welfare organisations. Where are the innovative ideas, where is the impulse for innovation for social change what challenges does the movement face within Germany?
Required Readings:
Schwartz ,B. Rippling: How Social Entrepreneurs Spread Innovation throughout the World. San Francisco. Jossey-Bass. 2012. Chapter 1 “Power to the People” – Germany” pp 22-30.
Leppert, T. “Social Entrepreneurs in Deutschland – Ansätze und Besonderheiten
einer spezifischen Definition”. University of Hamburg Paper. 2008. (English summary will be provided)
Selected case studies from German social entrepreneurs and their work based on publications available in English from Ashoka and the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship will be provided for this class session.
Session 9: Social Entrepreneurship in Other European “Welfare States”
In this session we will look into the innovation, trends, challenges for social entrepreneurs and social innovators in countries such as Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK. The discussions in this class will prepare students for social innovation-based observation for the EU Member States trip.
Required Readings:
Defourny, J. and M. Nyssens. “Social Enterprise In Europe: Recent Trends And Developments”, in Social Enterprise Journal. Vol. 4 Iss: 3, 2008. pp.202 – 228
Paola Gvenier. “Social entrepreneurship in the UK: from rhetoric to reality” in An Introduction Entrepreneurship Voices, Preconditions, Contexts. (ed.) R. Ziegler. Cheltenham, UK. Edward Elgar. 2009
Session 10 : SE in New European Member States: unique challenges and deeper innovation?
Our focus in this class will be new European Member States in countries such as Poland, Hungary, Romania and others. Is social innovation and entrepreneurship in these European countries much more in line with movement in developing country-contexts? If so, how? Has the lack of a welfare state impacted on social innovation in these countries? The discussions in this class will prepare students for social innovation-based observation for the EU Member States trip to support the team project and presentation.
Required Readings:
Defourny, J. ”Social Enterprise in an Enlarged Europe: Concept And Realities” EMES European Research Network. 2004.
A current affairs European case study will also be provided such as the case of the Roma. How can social innovation and entrepreneurship help?
Session 11: Mid Term Exam – (15%)
Mid-way course evaluation
III. The Road to Becoming a Changemaker: Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Practice
Session 12: The Practice of Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship
From goal-setting to implementation, from ideas to real change: how do the changemakers put it all into practice? There are many answers and approaches to this question.
Social entrepreneurs usually begin by seeing dead-ends and impossible solutions as incredible opportunities for change.
Required Readings:
Brooks. A. Social Entrepreneurship: A Modern Approach to Social Value Creation. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall. 2009. pp 23-50. Ideas and Opportunities and Developing the Social Entreprise Concept
Mulgan, G. Social Innovation. What it is, Why it Matters and How it can be Accelerated. University of Oxford-Said Business School. 2007. Pp 4-20.
Recommended Readings:
Dees, G. “Social Ventures as Learning Laboratories” in Innovations : Social Innovation in a Post-Crisis World. 2009
Session 13: The Concept of Social Capital and Value and the Networks that Help to Build Them.
What do we mean by “social capital”? The key difference between social capital and other forms of capital is that social capital is embedded in relationships between individuals, seen within in the resources acquired through relationships and networks and how these resources influence an innovator to act. We will look at this non-traditional definition of capital in the SE/SI context and examine and discuss the importance of social capital within the social entrepreneurship sphere and beyond.
Required Readings:
Praszkier, R. and A. Nowak. Social Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. New York. Cambridge University Press. 2012. Pp 80-106. Social Capital and Social Networks: the Bedrock of Social Capital.
Auerswald, P. “Creating Social Value” in Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring 2009
Session 14: Putting it all together – the Business plan for Social Change.
ASSIGNMENT DUE: Team Project - EU Social Entrepreneurship Case Study (15%)
Have you ever written a business plan? Social entrepreneurs need to put their ideas into a business or action plan, just like traditional entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs and innovators however, do not always have the most experience and even aptitude for the “business” and management side of making their ideas succeed and grow. In this session, we look at the importance of business plans and what is unique (and not) about business planning for social innovation and social enterprise.
Required Readings:
Brooks. A. 2008. Social Entrepreneurship: A Modern Approach to Social Value Creation. Prentice Hall. NJ. Social Entreprise Business Plans and Measuring Social Value. Pp 51-84.
Forth Sector. A Business Planning Guide to Developing a Social Enterprise. 2009. (UK-based).
Recommended:
Root Cause. Business Planning for A Social-Entrepreneurial Approach to Solving Social Problems Enduring Social Impact. 2008. (US-based)
Session 15: Understanding the Social Investment Space.
Finding the right financing remains one of the greatest challenges to planning, launching and scaling a social enterprise. In this session we will look at the dynamics from the social entrepreneur perspective and the investor or “social investor” perspective.
Required Readings:
Brooks. A. Social Entrepreneurship: A Modern Approach to Social Value Creation. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall. 2009. pp 123-151. Entrepreneurial Fundraising and Marketing – Launch, Growth and Goal Attainment.
Credit Swiss and the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship. Investing ror Impact. How Social Entrepreneurship is Redefining the Meaning of Return. 2012.
Recommended Reading:
Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship and Munich Technical University. Social Investment Manual: An Introduction for Social Entrepreneurs. 2011.
Clark, C., J. Emerson, B. Thornley. Impact Investor People & Practices Delivering Exceptional Financial & Social Returns. Pacific Community Ventures, Inc. (PCV), Impact Assets, and Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. 2012.
Session 16: To Scale or not to Scale. What to do if Your Business Plan Works?
The point in time where a first goal or success has been obtained is as challenging as it is rewarding. What should be done next? Like knowledge, innovative social solutions for change should be shared and where appropriate, replicated. Scaling ideas and practices and the factors that must be considered will be examined during this session.
Required Readings:
Elkington, J. P. Hartigan and A. Litovsky, “From Enterprise to Ecosystem: Rebooting the Scale Debate”, in Bloom, P and E.Skloot (eds). Scaling Social Impact., New York. Palgrave MacMillan. 2010.
Dees,G. B. Anderson, J. Wei-skillern. “Scaling Social Impact: Strategies for spreading social innovations” in Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring 2004
Session 17: Student Case Study Presentations and Student Exchange (10%)
Assignment Due:Final Term Project - Social Entrepreneurship Business Plan - (25%)
Team EU Social Entrepreneurship case study presentations with post-IES Member State trip reflections will be presented during this session. Students will present case studies to class and add reflections of at least three observations or experiences from their Member State Trip. These could include problems observed that could benefit from the SE/SI approach, or inspirational SE/SI experience that should be shared. The presentations will be followed by a group exchange.
Session 18: What Kind of Changemaker Will You Be?
This session we will review students’ term projects, and reflect upon how the “Personal Statements on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation” have evolved (or not) during the term. Together we will establish a strategy for the application of what we have learned to the IES Model Can you play the role of social innovation “mentors” to your student colleagues during the Model EU.
The role of mentorship (mentoring and being mentored) - crucial to spreading the SI/SE movement - will be discussed as well as what knowledge and experiences from the term may (or may not) accompany students as they continue their journey to fulfilling personal and professional goals.
Required Readings:
IES Model EU Agenda
Light, P. Social Entrepreneurship Revisited. Stanford Social Innovation Review
Summer 2009
Schwartz ,B. Rippling: How Social Entrepreneurs Spread Innovation throughout the World. San Francisco. Jossey-Bass. 2012. Chapter 19.
Hovis, K. “Students Embrace Social Entrepreneurship”, in E-Ship Magazine. Cornell University. Fall 2011.
Required readings:
Alvord, S. L. Brown, and C. Letts. “Social entrepreneurship leadership that facilitates societal transformation— an exploratory study”. Harvard Kennedy School Centre for Public Leadership Working Paper. 2003
Arpinte, D et al. “The Social Economy in the European Union.” Calitatea Vieţii, XXI, nr. 1–2, 2010, p. 137–160
Auerswald, P. “Creating Social Value” in Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring 2009
Bornstein, D. 2004. How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas. New York. Oxford University Press. pp 1-60. Chapters 1-5.
Brown. T amd J. Wyatt. “Design Thinking for Social Innovation” om Stanford Social Innovation Review. Winter 2010.
Brooks. A. Social Entrepreneurship: A Modern Approach to Social Value Creation. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall. 2009.
BEPA (Bureau of European Policy Advisors). Empowering people, driving change. Social Innovation in the European Union. European Commission. 2011.
Clark, C., J. Emerson, B. Thornley. Impact Investor People & Practices Delivering Exceptional Financial & Social Returns. Pacific Community Ventures, Inc. (PCV), Impact Assets, and Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. 2012.
Credit Swiss and the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship. Investing ror Impact. How Social Entrepreneurship is Redefining the Meaning of Return. 2012.
Dees, G. “Social Ventures as Learning Laboratories” in Innovations : Social Innovation in a Post-Crisis World. 2009
Dees,G. B. Anderson, J. Wei-skillern. “Scaling Social Impact: Strategies for spreading social innovations” in Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring 2004
Defourny, J. ”Social Enterprise in an Enlarged Europe: Concept And Realities” EMES European Research Network. 2004.
Defourny, J. And M. Nyssens. “Conceptions Of Social Enterprise And Social Entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and Divergences” in Journal of Social Entrepreneurship. Vol. 1, No. 1, 32–53. March 2010.
Defourny, J. and M. Nyssens. “Social Enterprise In Europe: Recent Trends And Developments”, in Social Enterprise Journal. Vol. 4 Iss: 3, 2008. pp.202 – 228
Elkington, J. P. Hartigan and A. Litovsky, “From Enterprise to Ecosystem: Rebooting the Scale Debate”, in Bloom, P and E.Skloot (eds). Scaling Social Impact., New York. Palgrave MacMillan. 2010.
Forth Sector. A Business Planning Guide to Developing a Social Enterprise. 2009. (UK-based).
Hagedoorn, J. “Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Schumpeter Revisited” in Industrial and Coporate Change. Vol. 5. Num. 3. 1996.
Hovis, K. “Students Embrace Social Entrepreneurship”, in E-Ship Magazine. Cornell University. Fall 2011.
Hulgård, L. “Discourses of social entrepreneurship: Variations of the same theme?” EMES European Research Network Paper. 2010.
Light, P. Social Entrepreneurship Revisited. Stanford Social Innovation Review Summer 2009
Leppert, T. “Social Entrepreneurs in Deutschland – Ansätze und Besonderheiten einer spezifischen Definition”. University of Hamburg Paper. 2008
Light, P. Social Entrepreneurship Revisited. Stanford Social Innovation Review Summer 2009
Martin, R. and S. Osberg. “Social Entrepreneurship: The Case for Definition” in Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring 2007 . pp 28-39.
Mirjam van praag, C. “Some Classic Views on Entrepreneurship” in De Economist 147, No. 3, 1999.
Mitra C. and A. Borza. “The Role Of Corporate Social Responsibility in Social Entrepreneurship” in Management & Marketing Challenges for Knowledge Society. 2010. Vol. 5, No. 2.
Mulgan, G. Social Innovation. What it is, Why it Matters and How it can be Accelerated. University of Oxford-Said Business School. 2007. Pp 4-20.
Phills Jr. J., K. Deiglmeier, and D. Miller. “Rediscovering Social Innovation” in Stanford Social Innovation Review Fall 2008. Pp34-43.
Praszkier, R. and A. Nowak. Social Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. New York. Cambridge University Press. 2012. Pp 1- 25.
Root Cause. Business Planning for A Social-Entrepreneurial Approach to Solving Social Problems Enduring Social Impact. 2008. (US-based)
Samer Abu-Saifan . “Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries” in Technology Innovation Management Review. Feb. 2012. Pp24-27
Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship and Munich Technical University. Social Investment Manual: An Introduction for Social Entrepreneurs. 2011.
Schwartz ,B. Rippling: How Social Entrepreneurs Spread Innovation throughout the World. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass. 2012
Ziegler (ed). An Introduction Entrepreneurship Voices, Preconditions, Contexts. Cheltenham, UK. Edward Elgar. 2009
Recommended readings:
Austin et al. ”Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different or both?”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, January 2006.
Henriques, A. & Richardson, J. (ed). (2004). The triple bottom line, does it all add up? Assessing the sustainability of business and CSR. Earthscan, London.
MacCallum, D., Moulaert, F., Hillier, J. & Vicari Haddock, S. (ed). (2009). Social innovation and territorial development. Ashgate, Farnham.
Mair & Martí. ”Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight.” Journal of World Business, 41: 2006, pp. 36-44.
Steyaert, C & Katz, J. “Reclaiming the space of entrepreneurship in society: geographical, discursive and social, dimensions.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2004, 16(3): 179-196.
Steyaert, C. & Hjort, D. (ed.). (2006). Entrepreneurship as Social Change. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham.
John Thompson, Geoff Alvy, & Ann Lees. Management Decision. London: 2000. Vol.38, Iss. 5; pg. 328 Social Entrepreneurship - A New Look at the People and the Potential
Quibria, M.G. ”The Puzzle of Social Capital. A Critical Review”, Asian Development Review, 2003, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 19-39.
Brief Biography of Instructor:
Sandra Makinson has been working in the sustainability sector for 20 years and in over 10 countries globally. Her work with social entrepreneurs began when cooperating with industry, investors and philanthropists to find the most effective business solutions to fighting poverty with renewable energy applications. Working directly on the ground with social entrepreneurs and later within social entrepreneurship networks has had one of the most profound impacts on her professional (and personal life) and for this reason she continues to be inspired by working and volunteering in the social innovation and social entrepreneurship space.
Ms. Makinson also has a vast range of experience varying from policy and project development, to managing projects for renewable energy applications in poverty-stricken areas, training bankers on investing in sustainable energy, and lecturing to graduate students on financing renewable energy. She has on the ground experience with the public, non-profit and private sectors and has developed and implemented multi-country EU projects. She is fluent in several languages and has worked at the European, World and Latin American Secretariats of ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) and the Canopus Foundation in Freiburg. As a sustainability consultant, she now works with clients such as BASE (The Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy) and the United Nations Environmental Program in Paris. Ms. Makinson graduated from the University of Ottawa (B.S.Sc.) and holds an advanced degree from the University of Waterloo (Masters in Applied Environmental Studies).
Social entrepreneurship is one of the most high-impact and sustainable innovations for solving society’s most difficult challenges in Europe and across the globe. Social Entrepreneurs have won Nobel Peace Prizes, radicalised health care systems, brought endless citizens out of hopeless situations of poverty, and led change to reduce corruption, crime and racism. Social innovators that support the movement have found endless ways to create positive change in almost every sector imaginable. Social innovation and social entrepreneurship in the EU is as diverse and rich as the Member States themselves.
This course will provide you with an entrepreneurial, business and social understanding of the phenomena of social innovation and social entrepreneurship. Your ability to view and understand solutions for solving society’s challenges with an analytical and entrepreneurial approach will be developed. Whether you plan to work in politics and policy, business, finance, education, social service, development, health, peace or any other field, social innovation and social entrepreneurship are relevant to your future. During this semester we will seek to understand the many facets of social innovation, the movement of social entrepreneurship and its development and practice within Europe. What will you learn is certain to inspire and may also spark the changemaker within.
A course in PO or BUS/COM or SOC
All IES Abroad courses require attendance and participation (see participation grade breakdown above). Attendance is mandatory per IES Abroad policy. Any unexcused absence will incur a penalty of 3% on your final grade. Any student who has more than three (3) unexcused absences will receive an “F” as the final grade in the course. Absences due to sickness, religious observances, and family emergencies may be excusable at the discretion of the Center Director.
In the case of an excused absence, it is the student’s responsibility to inform the Academic Dean of the absence with an Official Excused Absence Form, as well as any other relevant documentation (e.g. a doctor’s note), and to keep a record thereof. This form must be turned in as soon as possible before the class, in the case of a planned absence, or immediately after the class, in the case of an unplanned absence, in order for the absence to be considered excused. It is also the student’s responsibility to inform the professor of the missed class. Students can collect and submit the Official Excused Absence Form from the office of the Academic Dean.
TESTS MISSED DURING UNEXCUSED ABSENCES CANNOT BE MADE UP. Assignments that are handed in after the due date will be penalized, unless the student’s absence on the due date has been excused.
The use of laptop computers during class is not permitted unless for presentation purposes in coordination with the instructor. Cell phones are to be switched off. Updated information on your course and readings can be found on the Moodle platform at https://eu.elearning.iesabroad.org/.
The course will be supplemented with local and current articles as well as current research. The work of one social entrepreneur in Europe will be presented then discussed by students in each class.
1. Participation (20%) that will be assessed as follows:
It is proposed that we use peer evaluation and peer grading for your 15% “Regular Participation” grade. We will discuss this in class session 1 and base our decision on whether or not to use peer evaluation based on class consensus after the add/drop period in class session 3.
2. Personal Statement on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation (5%) to be handed in on class session 3. (Maximum 250 words or 1 page)
3. Course Term Project Proposal (10%): Social Entrepreneurship Business Plan Outline for your proposal for using a social-innovation and entrepreneurial-based approach for solving a European problem that concerns you to be handed in in class session 7. The readings and guides from Session 13 will help you to prepare and a guideline will be provided by the instructor. (Maximum 2 pages that follow the guidelines)
4. Mid-term exam (15%): A mid-way evaluation (class session 11) to ensure that the basic concepts behind social entrepreneurship and innovation have been clearly understood.
5. Team Project (15%): EU Social Entrepreneurship Case Study. You will choose a European Social Entrepreneur and prepare a case study that will include:
The case study will be handed in on Session number 14.
(Maximum 4 pages, in a group of at least 3 students)
6. Team Presentation (10%): EU Social Entrepreneurship Case Study with post-IES Member State trip reflection. You will present your case study to class and add reflections of at least three observations or experiences from your Member State Trip. These could include problems that you saw on your trip that could benefit from the SE/SI approach, or inspirational SE/SI experienced that you observed that should be shared. Your presentation will be followed by exchange within the group.
7. Final Term Project - Social Entrepreneurship Business Plan and Inspiration for your journey for Change and Innovation (25%) to be handed in class session number 17.
You have developed your business or action plan based on your Term Project Business Plan proposal. All key elements of a business plan for social innovation as outlined in class, in your research (primary and secondary) will be included in a summarized form of maximum of 10 pages including graphics and images.
(Maximum 10 pages, or 2500 words)
I. The Evolution of a Movement for Change and Innovation
Session 1: Welcome to a New Way of Seeing the World.
Session 2: Understanding Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation.
Session 3: From Say to Schumpeter to Drucker: What is Entrepreneurship?
Session 4: Solving the World’s Problems: Whose Job is it?
Session 5: Empathy: The Precursor to Social Innovation and All that it Brings.
Session 6: Leadership for Social Innovation and Social Change.
II. Diverse, Unique and Complex: Social Entrepreneurship in Europe
Session 7: Understanding SE in the European Context: How is the space in Europe unique?
Session 8: Social Entrepreneurship in Germany
Session 9: Social Entrepreneurship in Other European “Welfare States”
Session 10: SE in the “Newer” European Member States: unique challenges and deeper innovation?
Session 11: Mid Term Exam – (15%), Mid-way Course Evaluation
III. The Road to Becoming a Changemaker: Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Practice
Session 12: The Practice of Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship
Session 13: The Concept of Social Capital and Value and the Networks that Help to Build Them.
Session 14: Putting it all together – the Business Plan for Social Change.
Session 15: Understanding the Social Investment Space.
Session 16: To Scale or not to Scale. What to do if Your Business Plan Works?
Session 17: Student Case Study Presentations and Student Exchange (10%)
Session 18: What Kind of Changemaker Will You Be?
DETAILED COURSE CONTENT:
Introduction
I. The Evolution of a Movement for Change and Innovation
Session 1: Welcome to a New Way of Seeing the World.
Course Introduction
This session will focus on group introductions as well as a review of the course content, evaluation, student deliverables and learning outcomes. Through a participatory workshop, we will attempt to discern where we stand in the social innovation and social entrepreneurship space to support the preparation of a one page “Personal Statement on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation” due in class session 3.
Expectations will be clearly communicated so that you understand the importance of your “learning investment” versus your “learning return on investment” and we will set the course of our three month journey that may just make you think differently about almost everything you do.
Required Reading:
Session 2: Understanding Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation.
Social Entrepreneurship and the innovation that serves as its beacon, will be of the most important forms of global leadership in the decades to come.
This session will help you understand the basic (and debated) concepts of social innovation and social entrepreneurship that will guide you throughout the term.
Required Readings:
Recommended Readings:
Session 3: From Say to Schumpeter to Drucker: What is Entrepreneurship?
ASSIGNMENT DUE TODAY: Personal Statement on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation (5%)
What is entrepreneurship and who are entrepreneurs? We will examine entrepreneurial thought and how it has evolved to date. Together we will discuss what makes entrepreneurship different when one places the word “social” in front of it. We will analyse 1-2 simple some business and social problems and determine how an entrepreneur would seek to solve them.
Required Readings
Recommended Reading:
Session 4 : Solving the World’s Problems: Whose Job is it?
Here we will view poverty, violence, racism, discrimination, environmental degradation, unemployment, illness, education and other societal challenges. Our debate may focus on strategies that focus on charity vs. capitalism, social work vs entrepreneurship, indigenous knowledge vs new technologies? Who should do what?
Required Readings:
Recommended Reading:
Session 5: Empathy: The Precursor to Social Innovation and All that it Brings.
Empathy is the ability to understand how others feel. It is at the core of our existence as human beings and compels us to act compassionately while reasoning alone often leads us to act in our own interest.
The absence of empathy is one of the causes of bad business practices and politics, corruption, aggression and violence, apathy towards the environment, conflict, neglect and racism to name a few. Have we lost our empathy as we focus our goals on personal and professional success alone? We will discuss how CEOs, lawyers, politicians, scientists, teachers, social workers, parents and everyone else need to treat empathy as a skill and not just an emotion, why it guides social entrepreneurs and why it is a precursor to social innovation.
Required Readings:
Participation Assignment:
Workshop: using the Roots for Empathy Programme for Children model. You will prepare a similar model for:
1. Profit-oriented CEOs
2. Re-election oriented politicians
3. Goal-oriented NGO Managers
4. Social Housing Project residents with high pollution/low recycling participation (the easiest of the three)
(PREPARATION: required readings for this session)
Session 6: Leadership for Social Innovation and Social Change.
Leaders from all walks of life and of all styles are crucial for the social change needed in today’s world.
We will examine the role of leadership in creating entrepreneurial and innovative approaches to society’s challenges for today and the future. What role does leadership play in the SE/SI movement. How does leadership act as a catalytic function of system change needed where the status quo is no longer “working”.
During this class session we will also discuss your personal leadership role in life and as a changemaker. What are the tools, skills and experiences are best suited to your style and goals, and who you are and how might you support and lead social innovation?
Required Readings:
II. Diverse, Unique and Complex: Social Entrepreneurship in Europe
Session 7: Understanding SE in the European Context: How is the space in Europe unique?
ASSIGNMENT DUE TODAY: Term Project Proposal: Social Entrepreneurship Business Plan Outline. (10%):
Social Entrepreneurship was a term first coined in North America in the 1970s and 80s. How then, is social entrepreneurship seen and understood in Europe? Is it possible to define social entrepreneurship in the European context given the vast differences in history, culture and language in the European continent?
We will attempt to understand the differences and look at social entrepreneurship and social innovation through the European lens.
Required Readings:
Recommended Readings:
Session 8: Social Entrepreneurship in Germany
Is Germany the land of the Sozialunternehmer (German translation of “Social Entrepreneur”) or is there a unique German social innovation within the land of the “Wohlfahrtverbänder” (public welfare organisations)? We will look at the unique German social innovation and entrepreneurship space that exists within a country with a strong history of welfare state and domination of public welfare organisations. Where are the innovative ideas, where is the impulse for innovation for social change what challenges does the movement face within Germany?
Required Readings:
Session 9: Social Entrepreneurship in Other European “Welfare States”
In this session we will look into the innovation, trends, challenges for social entrepreneurs and social innovators in countries such as Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK. The discussions in this class will prepare students for social innovation-based observation for the EU Member States trip.
Required Readings:
Session 10 : SE in New European Member States: unique challenges and deeper innovation?
Our focus in this class will be new European Member States in countries such as Poland, Hungary, Romania and others. Is social innovation and entrepreneurship in these European countries much more in line with movement in developing country-contexts? If so, how? Has the lack of a welfare state impacted on social innovation in these countries? The discussions in this class will prepare students for social innovation-based observation for the EU Member States trip to support the team project and presentation.
Required Readings:
Session 11: Mid Term Exam – (15%)
Mid-way course evaluation
III. The Road to Becoming a Changemaker: Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Practice
Session 12: The Practice of Social Innovation and Social Entrepreneurship
From goal-setting to implementation, from ideas to real change: how do the changemakers put it all into practice? There are many answers and approaches to this question.
Social entrepreneurs usually begin by seeing dead-ends and impossible solutions as incredible opportunities for change.
Required Readings:
Recommended Readings:
Session 13: The Concept of Social Capital and Value and the Networks that Help to Build Them.
What do we mean by “social capital”? The key difference between social capital and other forms of capital is that social capital is embedded in relationships between individuals, seen within in the resources acquired through relationships and networks and how these resources influence an innovator to act. We will look at this non-traditional definition of capital in the SE/SI context and examine and discuss the importance of social capital within the social entrepreneurship sphere and beyond.
Required Readings:
Recommended:
Session 14: Putting it all together – the Business plan for Social Change.
ASSIGNMENT DUE: Team Project - EU Social Entrepreneurship Case Study (15%)
Have you ever written a business plan? Social entrepreneurs need to put their ideas into a business or action plan, just like traditional entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs and innovators however, do not always have the most experience and even aptitude for the “business” and management side of making their ideas succeed and grow. In this session, we look at the importance of business plans and what is unique (and not) about business planning for social innovation and social enterprise.
Required Readings:
Recommended:
Session 15: Understanding the Social Investment Space.
Finding the right financing remains one of the greatest challenges to planning, launching and scaling a social enterprise. In this session we will look at the dynamics from the social entrepreneur perspective and the investor or “social investor” perspective.
Required Readings:
Recommended Reading:
Session 16: To Scale or not to Scale. What to do if Your Business Plan Works?
The point in time where a first goal or success has been obtained is as challenging as it is rewarding. What should be done next? Like knowledge, innovative social solutions for change should be shared and where appropriate, replicated. Scaling ideas and practices and the factors that must be considered will be examined during this session.
Required Readings:
Session 17: Student Case Study Presentations and Student Exchange (10%)
Assignment Due: Final Term Project - Social Entrepreneurship Business Plan - (25%)
Team EU Social Entrepreneurship case study presentations with post-IES Member State trip reflections will be presented during this session. Students will present case studies to class and add reflections of at least three observations or experiences from their Member State Trip. These could include problems observed that could benefit from the SE/SI approach, or inspirational SE/SI experience that should be shared. The presentations will be followed by a group exchange.
Session 18: What Kind of Changemaker Will You Be?
This session we will review students’ term projects, and reflect upon how the “Personal Statements on Social Entrepreneurship and Social Innovation” have evolved (or not) during the term. Together we will establish a strategy for the application of what we have learned to the IES Model Can you play the role of social innovation “mentors” to your student colleagues during the Model EU.
The role of mentorship (mentoring and being mentored) - crucial to spreading the SI/SE movement - will be discussed as well as what knowledge and experiences from the term may (or may not) accompany students as they continue their journey to fulfilling personal and professional goals.
Required Readings:
Alvord, S. L. Brown, and C. Letts. “Social entrepreneurship leadership that facilitates societal transformation— an exploratory study”. Harvard Kennedy School Centre for Public Leadership Working Paper. 2003
Arpinte, D et al. “The Social Economy in the European Union.” Calitatea Vieţii, XXI, nr. 1–2, 2010, p. 137–160
Auerswald, P. “Creating Social Value” in Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring 2009
Bornstein, D. 2004. How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas. New York. Oxford University Press. pp 1-60. Chapters 1-5.
Brown. T amd J. Wyatt. “Design Thinking for Social Innovation” om Stanford Social Innovation Review. Winter 2010.
Brooks. A. Social Entrepreneurship: A Modern Approach to Social Value Creation. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Prentice Hall. 2009.
BEPA (Bureau of European Policy Advisors). Empowering people, driving change. Social Innovation in the European Union. European Commission. 2011.
Clark, C., J. Emerson, B. Thornley. Impact Investor People & Practices Delivering Exceptional Financial & Social Returns. Pacific Community Ventures, Inc. (PCV), Impact Assets, and Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. 2012.
Credit Swiss and the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship. Investing ror Impact. How Social Entrepreneurship is Redefining the Meaning of Return. 2012.
Dees, G. “Social Ventures as Learning Laboratories” in Innovations : Social Innovation in a Post-Crisis World. 2009
Dees,G. B. Anderson, J. Wei-skillern. “Scaling Social Impact: Strategies for spreading social innovations” in Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring 2004
Defourny, J. ”Social Enterprise in an Enlarged Europe: Concept And Realities” EMES European Research Network. 2004.
Defourny, J. And M. Nyssens. “Conceptions Of Social Enterprise And Social Entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States: Convergences and Divergences” in Journal of Social Entrepreneurship. Vol. 1, No. 1, 32–53. March 2010.
Defourny, J. and M. Nyssens. “Social Enterprise In Europe: Recent Trends And Developments”, in Social Enterprise Journal. Vol. 4 Iss: 3, 2008. pp.202 – 228
Elkington, J. P. Hartigan and A. Litovsky, “From Enterprise to Ecosystem: Rebooting the Scale Debate”, in Bloom, P and E.Skloot (eds). Scaling Social Impact., New York. Palgrave MacMillan. 2010.
Forth Sector. A Business Planning Guide to Developing a Social Enterprise. 2009. (UK-based).
Hagedoorn, J. “Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Schumpeter Revisited” in Industrial and Coporate Change. Vol. 5. Num. 3. 1996.
Hovis, K. “Students Embrace Social Entrepreneurship”, in E-Ship Magazine. Cornell University. Fall 2011.
Hulgård, L. “Discourses of social entrepreneurship: Variations of the same theme?” EMES European Research Network Paper. 2010.
Light, P. Social Entrepreneurship Revisited. Stanford Social Innovation Review Summer 2009
Leppert, T. “Social Entrepreneurs in Deutschland – Ansätze und Besonderheiten einer spezifischen Definition”. University of Hamburg Paper. 2008
Light, P. Social Entrepreneurship Revisited. Stanford Social Innovation Review Summer 2009
Martin, R. and S. Osberg. “Social Entrepreneurship: The Case for Definition” in Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring 2007 . pp 28-39.
Mirjam van praag, C. “Some Classic Views on Entrepreneurship” in De Economist 147, No. 3, 1999.
Mitra C. and A. Borza. “The Role Of Corporate Social Responsibility in Social Entrepreneurship” in Management & Marketing Challenges for Knowledge Society. 2010. Vol. 5, No. 2.
Mulgan, G. Social Innovation. What it is, Why it Matters and How it can be Accelerated. University of Oxford-Said Business School. 2007. Pp 4-20.
Phills Jr. J., K. Deiglmeier, and D. Miller. “Rediscovering Social Innovation” in Stanford Social Innovation Review Fall 2008. Pp34-43.
Praszkier, R. and A. Nowak. Social Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. New York. Cambridge University Press. 2012. Pp 1- 25.
Root Cause. Business Planning for A Social-Entrepreneurial Approach to Solving Social Problems Enduring Social Impact. 2008. (US-based)
Samer Abu-Saifan . “Social Entrepreneurship: Definition and Boundaries” in Technology Innovation Management Review. Feb. 2012. Pp24-27
Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship and Munich Technical University. Social Investment Manual: An Introduction for Social Entrepreneurs. 2011.
Schwartz ,B. Rippling: How Social Entrepreneurs Spread Innovation throughout the World. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass. 2012
Ziegler (ed). An Introduction Entrepreneurship Voices, Preconditions, Contexts. Cheltenham, UK. Edward Elgar. 2009
Austin et al. ”Social and commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different or both?”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, January 2006.
Henriques, A. & Richardson, J. (ed). (2004). The triple bottom line, does it all add up? Assessing the sustainability of business and CSR. Earthscan, London.
MacCallum, D., Moulaert, F., Hillier, J. & Vicari Haddock, S. (ed). (2009). Social innovation and territorial development. Ashgate, Farnham.
Mair & Martí. ”Social entrepreneurship research: A source of explanation, prediction, and delight.” Journal of World Business, 41: 2006, pp. 36-44.
Steyaert, C & Katz, J. “Reclaiming the space of entrepreneurship in society: geographical, discursive and social, dimensions.” Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 2004, 16(3): 179-196.
Steyaert, C. & Hjort, D. (ed.). (2006). Entrepreneurship as Social Change. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham.
John Thompson, Geoff Alvy, & Ann Lees. Management Decision. London: 2000. Vol.38, Iss. 5; pg. 328 Social Entrepreneurship - A New Look at the People and the Potential
Quibria, M.G. ”The Puzzle of Social Capital. A Critical Review”, Asian Development Review, 2003, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 19-39.
Sandra Makinson has been working in the sustainability sector for 20 years and in over 10 countries globally. Her work with social entrepreneurs began when cooperating with industry, investors and philanthropists to find the most effective business solutions to fighting poverty with renewable energy applications. Working directly on the ground with social entrepreneurs and later within social entrepreneurship networks has had one of the most profound impacts on her professional (and personal life) and for this reason she continues to be inspired by working and volunteering in the social innovation and social entrepreneurship space.
Ms. Makinson also has a vast range of experience varying from policy and project development, to managing projects for renewable energy applications in poverty-stricken areas, training bankers on investing in sustainable energy, and lecturing to graduate students on financing renewable energy. She has on the ground experience with the public, non-profit and private sectors and has developed and implemented multi-country EU projects. She is fluent in several languages and has worked at the European, World and Latin American Secretariats of ICLEI (International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives) and the Canopus Foundation in Freiburg. As a sustainability consultant, she now works with clients such as BASE (The Basel Agency for Sustainable Energy) and the United Nations Environmental Program in Paris. Ms. Makinson graduated from the University of Ottawa (B.S.Sc.) and holds an advanced degree from the University of Waterloo (Masters in Applied Environmental Studies).