The warm-temperate Mediterranean is one of the remnants of Tethys, the ancient ocean than once long ago allowed worldwide dispersal of tropical and subtropical marine organisms. Although most of that biodiversity vanished in the late Miocene, 5.5 million years ago, some Tethyan species still survive in the Mediterranean, as seagrasses whose closest relatives occur in Australia, and sturgeons related to those found in the Aral Sea. These survivors of Tethys share the Mediterranean with newcomers that colonized the basin after the last Ice Age, like the monk seal, the loggerhead sea turtle, and the sperm whale. This course will explore the origin and characteristics of this amazing biodiversity and the dynamics of the ecosystems where these species thrive. But the Mediterranean is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world and one of the most attractive destinations for European tourists. Overfishing, pollution and destruction of coastal areas threaten the conservation of marine wildlife. The course will also consider the impact of these activities and whether sustained development can be achieved in the region. (3 credits)
Attendance policy:
Attendance is mandatory for all IES classes, including field studies. Any exams, tests, presentations, or other work missed due to student absences can only be rescheduled in cases of documented medical or family emergencies. If a student misses more than three classes in any course half a letter grade will be deducted from the final grade for every additional absence. Seven absences in any course will result in a failing grade.
Learning outcomes:
By the end of the course, the students are able to:
· Recognise the major components of Mediterranean marine ecosystems
· Describe the dynamics of Mediterranean marine ecosystems
· Analyse the impact of human activities on Mediterranean marine ecosystems
· Value marine biodiversity and the need for sustainable development.
Method of presentation:
· Readings: with the basic goal of give students an overview of the characteristics of Mediterranean marine ecosystems and the consequences of human activities.
· Homework: to identify the key points of the readings and facilitate discussion during class
· Lectures: to discuss and share different point of view and settle basic concepts
· Field studies and classes on-site: to get some hands-on experience!
· Term paper and oral presentation: to give students the opportunity to show what they have learnt. They will have to analyse and interpret information about different topics.
Field study:
Visit to Barcelona Aquarium
(on a Friday) Full day trip to Delta del Ebro
Required work and form of assessment:
The final grade will be determined as follows:
· Class participation and homework (15%): to guarantee that students are familiar with the topics covered in class, and their involvement in class activities
· Field study (15%): This activity is essential to gain a deep insight into some of the topics covered by the course. There is one field study to Ebro Delta, on Friday. Attendance to the field studies is mandatory (see IES attendance policy). Furthermore, the students will take a quiz after the field study, based on a questionnaire available at the web site of the course. The answers to the questionnaire will be given during the field studies.
· Midterm exam (20%) and Final exam (25%): a set of multiple choice and written questions to evaluate whether students are familiar with the basic topics discussed in class
· Term paper and oral presentation (25%): to assess the capacity of students to integrate analyze, compare, and present information.
content:
Session 1: Course introduction (objectives, contents and assessment). An overview of the major Mediterranean marine ecosystems and species.
Session 2: Visit to Barcelona Aquarium (class on site)
Session 3: Living in the water column: environmental constrains and adaptations
Herring, P. (2002). The biology of the deep ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 1-7).
Mann, K.N. (1991). Organisms and ecosystems, In R.S.K. Barnes and K.H. Mann (eds.). Fundamentals of aquatic ecology. London: Blackwell. (pp 8-11).
Session 4: Living in the water column: the blue Mediterranean Bosc, E. et al. (2004). Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, GB1005.
Longhurst, A. (1998). Ecological geography of the sea. Now York: Academic Press. (pp 138-142).
Session 5: The rocky shores and the subtidal rocks Sala et al. (2012). The structure of Mediterranean rocky reef ecosystems across environmental and human gradients, and conservation implications. PLoS ONE 7: e32742.
Ballesteros, E. (2006). Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages: a synthesis of present knowledge. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An annual review 44: 123-140.
Cardona, L., Sales, M., and López, D. (2007). Changes in fish density do not cascade to sea urchins and algae in one of the most oligotrophic regions of the western Mediterranean. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science72: 273-282.
Session 6: Beaches and soft bottom ecosystems Little, C. (2000). The biology of soft shores and estuaries. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 35-56).
Massutí, E., Reñones, O. (2005). Demersal resource assemblages in the trawl fishing grounds off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Scientia Marina 69: 167-181.
Session 7: Seagrass meadows Heminga, M.A., and Duarte, C.M. (2000). Seagrass ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp 1-23).
Procaccini, G, Buia, M.C. Buia, Gambi, M.C., Perez, M., Pergent, G. Pergent-Martini, C., and Romero, J. (2002). The seagrasses of the western Mediterranean. In E.P. Green and F.T. Short (eds.) World Atlas of seagrasses. Berkley, University of California. (pp 48-56).
Milchakova, N.A. (2003). The seagrasses of the Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral seas. In E.P. Green and F.T. Short (eds.) World Atlas of seagrasses. Berkley: University of California Press. (pp 59-63).
Session 8: Estuaries and coastal marshes Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press.(pp 125-130).
Cardona, L., Hereu, B., and Torras, X. (2008). Juvenile bottlenecks and salinity shape grey mullet assemblages in Mediterranean estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science77: 623-632.
Session 9: The deep sea. Herring, P. (2002). The biology of the deep ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 239-254).
Donovaro, R., et al. (2010). Deep-sea biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: the konw, the unknown and the unknowable. PLos One 5, e11832.
Session 10: Bathimetry, hydrography and chemistry of a semi-enclosed sea Longhurst, A. (1998). Ecological geography of the sea. Now York: Academic Press. (pp 134-138).
Cruzado, A. (1985). Chemistry of Mediterranean water. In R. Margalef (ed.) The Western Mediterranean. London: Pergamon Press. (pp 126-146).
Canals, M., et al. (2006). Flushing submarine canyons. Nature 444: 354-357.
Field study: Ebro Delta (on Friday)
Session 11: From Tethys to the Mediterranean, a convulse geological history Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 1-7).
Stow, D. (2010) Vanished ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 188-214 and 227-241).
Session 12: Midterm exam
Session 13: The biodiversity crisis Avise, J.C., et al. (2008). In the light of evolution II: Biodiversity and extinction. PNAS 106: 11453-11457.
McClenachan, L., et al. (2012). Extinction risk and bottlenecks in the conservation of charismatic marine species. Conservation Letters 5: 73-80.
Coll, M., et al. (2010). The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns and threats. PLos One 5, e11842.
Session 14: Overfishing. Film viewing. “Empty oceans, empty nets”
Session 15: Overfishing I.
Jackson, J.B.C., et al. (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293: 629-638.
Lotze, H.K., et al. (2011). Historical changes in marine resources, food-web structure and ecosystem functioning in the Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean. Ecosystems 14: 198-222.
Session 16: Overfishing II. Case study: the anchovy and the dusky grouper fisheries Engraulis encrasicolus and Epinephelus marginatus at www.fishbase.org.
Session 17: Alternative management strategies: artificial reefs and marine reserves Hall, S.J. (1999). The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and ecommunities. London: Blackwell Science. (pp 230-240).
Guidetti, P. and Sala, E. (2007). Community-wide effects of marine reserves in the Mediterranean sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series335: 43-56.
Session 18: The relevance of recreational fishing Morales-Nin, B., Moranta, J., García, C., Tugores, M.P., Grau, A.M., Riera, F., and Cerdà, M. (2005). The recreational fishery off Majorca island (western Mediterranean): some implications for coastal resource management. ICES Journal of Marine Science62: 727-739.
Cardona, L, López, D., Sales, M., de Caralt, S., Díez, I. (2007). Effects of recreational fishing on three fish species from the Posidonia oceanica meadows off Minorca (Balearic archipelago, western Mediterranean). Scientia Marina72: 811-820.
Session 19: Class presentation and discussion
Session 20: Class presentation and discussion.
Session 21: Pollution Borrell, A., and Aguilar, A. (2007), Organochlorine concentrations declined during 1987-2002 in the Western Mediterranean bottlenose dolphin, a coastal predator. Chemosphere 66: 347-352.
Ludwig, W., et al. (2009). River discharges of water and nutrients to the Mediterranean and Black Sea: major drivers for ecosystem changes during past and future decades? Progress in Oceanography 80: 199-217.
Session 22: Climate change Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 25-29).
Lejeusne, C., Chevaldonne, P., Pergent-Martini, C.,Boudouresque, C.F., Pérez, T. (2009). Climate change effects on a miniature ocean: the highly diverse, highly impacted Mediterranean Sea. TREE 1204: 1-11.
Session 23: Biological invasions Jaubert, et al. (2003). Re-evaluation of the extent of Caulerpa taxifolia development in the northern Mediterranean using airborne spectrographic sensing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 263: 75-82.
Por, F.D. (2009). Tethys returs to the Mediterranean: success and limits of tropical re-colonization. BioRisk 3: 5-19.
Session 24: Tourism and the management of the coastline. Visit to Barcelona beaches (class on site)
Papathanassious, E. and Gabrielides, G.P. (1999). State and pressures of the marine and coastal Mediterranean environment. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. (pp 47-52).
Papathanassious, E. and Gabrielides, G.P. (1999). State and pressures of the marine and coastal Mediterranean environment. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. (pp 82-85).
Required readings:
Avise, J.C., Hubbell, S.P., Ayala, F.J. (2008). In the light of evolution II: Biodiversity and extinction. PNAS 106: 11453-11457.
Ballesteros, E. (2006). Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages: a synthesis of present knowledge. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An annual review 44: 123-140
Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 1-7).
Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 25-29).
Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 125-130).
Borrell, A., and Aguilar, A. (2007), Organochlorine concentrations declined during 1987-2002 in the Western Mediterranean bottlenose dolphin, a coastal predator. Chemosphere 66: 347-352.
Bosc, E., Bricaud, A., Antoinde, D. (2004). Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, GB1005.
Cardona, L, López, D., Sales, M., de Caralt, S., Díez, I. (2007). Effects of recreational fishing on three fish species from the Posidonia oceanica meadows off Minorca (Balearic archipelago, western Mediterranean). Scientia Marina72: 811-820.
Cardona, L., Hereu, B., and Torras, X. (2008). Juvenile bottlenecks and salinity shape grey mullet assemblages in Mediterranean estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science77: 623-632.
Cardona, L., Sales, M., and López, D. (2007). Changes in fish density do not cascade to sea urchins and algae in one of the most oligotrophic regions of the western Mediterranean. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science72: 273-282.
Coll, M., et al. (2010). The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns and threats. PLos One 5, e11842.
Cruzado, A. (1985). Chemistry of Mediterranean water. In R. Margalef (ed.) The Western Mediterranean. London: Pergamon Press. (pp 126-146).
Canals, M., Puig, P., Durrieu de Madron, X.,Heussner, S., Palangues, A., Fabres, J. (2006). Flushing submarine canyons. Nature 444: 354-357
Donovaro, R., et al. (2010). Deep-sea biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: the konw, the unknown and the unknowable. PLos One 5, e11832
Guidetti, P. and Sala, E. (2007). Community-wide effects of marine reserves in the Mediterranean sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series335: 43-56.
Hall, S.J. (1999). The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and ecommunities. London: Blackwell Science. (pp 230-240).
Heminga, M.A., and Duarte, C.M. (2000). Seagrass ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp 1-23).
Herring, P. (2002). The biology of the deep ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 1-7).
Herring, P. (2002). The biology of the deep ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 239-254).
Jackson, J.B.C., et al. (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293: 629-638.
Jaubert, J.M., Chisholm, J.R.M., Minghelli-Roman, A., Marchioretti, M., Morrow, J.H., Ripley, H.T. (2003). Re-evaluation of the extent of Caulerpa taxifolia development in the northern Mediterranean using airborne spectrographic sensing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 263: 75-82
Lejeusne, C., Chevaldonne, P., Pergent-Martini, C.,Boudouresque, C.F., Pérez, T. 2009. Climate change effects on a miniature ocean: the highly diverse, highly impacted Mediterranean Sea. TREE 1204: 1-11.
Little, C. (2000). The biology of soft shores and estuaries. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 35-56).
Massutí, E., Reñones, O. (2005). Demersal resource assemblages in the trawl fishing grounds off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Scientia Marina 69: 167-181.
Longhurst, A. (1998). Ecological geography of the sea. Now York: Academic Press. (pp 134-138).
Longhurst, A. (1998). Ecological geography of the sea. Now York: Academic Press. (pp 138-142).
Lotze, H.K., Coll, M., Dunne, J.A. (2011). Historical changes in marine resources, food-web structure and ecosystem functioning in the Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean. Ecosystems 14: 198-222.
Ludwig, W., Dumont, E., Meybeck, M., Heussner, S. (2009). River discharges of water and nutrients to the Mediterranean and Black Sea: major drivers for ecosystem changes during past and future decades? Progress in Oceanography 80: 199-217.
McClenachan, L., Cooper, A.B., Carpenter, K.E., Dulvy, N.K. (2012). Extinction risk and bottlenecks in the conservation of charismatic marine species. Conservation Letters 5: 73-80.
Mann, K.N. (1991). Organisms and ecosystems, In R.S.K. Barnes and K.H. Mann (eds.). Fundamentals of aquatic ecology. London: Blackwell. (pp 8-11).
Milchakova, N.A. (2003). The seagrasses of the Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral seas. In E.P. Green and F.T. Short (eds.) World Atlas of seagrasses. Berkley: University of California Press. (pp 59-63).
Morales-Nin, B., Moranta, J., García, C., Tugores, M.P., Grau, A.M., Riera, F., and Cerdà, M. (2005). The recreational fishery off Majorca island (western Mediterranean): some implications for coastal resource management. ICES Journal of Marine Science62: 727-739.
Papathanassious, E. and Gabrielides, G.P. (1999). State and pressures of the marine and coastal Mediterranean environment. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. (pp 47-52).
Papathanassious, E. and Gabrielides, G.P. (1999). State and pressures of the marine and coastal Mediterranean environment. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. (pp 82-85).
Procaccini, G, Buia, M.C. Buia, Gambi, M.C., Perez, M., Pergent, G. Pergent-Martini, C., and Romero, J. (2002). The seagrasses of the western Mediterranean. In E.P. Green and F.T. Short (eds.) World Atlas of seagrasses. Berkley, University of California. (pp 48-56).
Por, F.D. (2009). Tethys returs to the Mediterranean: success and limits of tropical re-colonization. BiorRisk 3: 5-19.
Sala et al. (2012). The structure of Mediterranean rocky reef ecosystems across environmental and human gradients, and conservation implications. PLoS ONE 7: e32742.
Stow, D. (2010) Vanished ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 188-214)
Stow, D. (2010) Vanished ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 227-241).
Mediterranean Oceanography
The warm-temperate Mediterranean is one of the remnants of Tethys, the ancient ocean than once long ago allowed worldwide dispersal of tropical and subtropical marine organisms. Although most of that biodiversity vanished in the late Miocene, 5.5 million years ago, some Tethyan species still survive in the Mediterranean, as seagrasses whose closest relatives occur in Australia, and sturgeons related to those found in the Aral Sea. These survivors of Tethys share the Mediterranean with newcomers that colonized the basin after the last Ice Age, like the monk seal, the loggerhead sea turtle, and the sperm whale. This course will explore the origin and characteristics of this amazing biodiversity and the dynamics of the ecosystems where these species thrive. But the Mediterranean is also one of the most densely populated areas in the world and one of the most attractive destinations for European tourists. Overfishing, pollution and destruction of coastal areas threaten the conservation of marine wildlife. The course will also consider the impact of these activities and whether sustained development can be achieved in the region. (3 credits)
Attendance is mandatory for all IES classes, including field studies. Any exams, tests, presentations, or other work missed due to student absences can only be rescheduled in cases of documented medical or family emergencies. If a student misses more than three classes in any course half a letter grade will be deducted from the final grade for every additional absence. Seven absences in any course will result in a failing grade.
By the end of the course, the students are able to:
· Recognise the major components of Mediterranean marine ecosystems
· Describe the dynamics of Mediterranean marine ecosystems
· Analyse the impact of human activities on Mediterranean marine ecosystems
· Value marine biodiversity and the need for sustainable development.
· Readings: with the basic goal of give students an overview of the characteristics of Mediterranean marine ecosystems and the consequences of human activities.
· Homework: to identify the key points of the readings and facilitate discussion during class
· Lectures: to discuss and share different point of view and settle basic concepts
· Field studies and classes on-site: to get some hands-on experience!
· Term paper and oral presentation: to give students the opportunity to show what they have learnt. They will have to analyse and interpret information about different topics.
Visit to Barcelona Aquarium
(on a Friday) Full day trip to Delta del Ebro
The final grade will be determined as follows:
· Class participation and homework (15%): to guarantee that students are familiar with the topics covered in class, and their involvement in class activities
· Field study (15%): This activity is essential to gain a deep insight into some of the topics covered by the course. There is one field study to Ebro Delta, on Friday. Attendance to the field studies is mandatory (see IES attendance policy). Furthermore, the students will take a quiz after the field study, based on a questionnaire available at the web site of the course. The answers to the questionnaire will be given during the field studies.
· Midterm exam (20%) and Final exam (25%): a set of multiple choice and written questions to evaluate whether students are familiar with the basic topics discussed in class
· Term paper and oral presentation (25%): to assess the capacity of students to integrate analyze, compare, and present information.
Session 1: Course introduction (objectives, contents and assessment). An overview of the major Mediterranean marine ecosystems and species.
Session 2: Visit to Barcelona Aquarium (class on site)
Session 3: Living in the water column: environmental constrains and adaptations
Herring, P. (2002). The biology of the deep ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 1-7).
Mann, K.N. (1991). Organisms and ecosystems, In R.S.K. Barnes and K.H. Mann (eds.). Fundamentals of aquatic ecology. London: Blackwell. (pp 8-11).
Session 4: Living in the water column: the blue Mediterranean Bosc, E. et al. (2004). Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, GB1005.
Longhurst, A. (1998). Ecological geography of the sea. Now York: Academic Press. (pp 138-142).
Session 5: The rocky shores and the subtidal rocks Sala et al. (2012). The structure of Mediterranean rocky reef ecosystems across environmental and human gradients, and conservation implications. PLoS ONE 7: e32742.
Ballesteros, E. (2006). Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages: a synthesis of present knowledge. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An annual review 44: 123-140.
Cardona, L., Sales, M., and López, D. (2007). Changes in fish density do not cascade to sea urchins and algae in one of the most oligotrophic regions of the western Mediterranean. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 72: 273-282.
Session 6: Beaches and soft bottom ecosystems Little, C. (2000). The biology of soft shores and estuaries. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 35-56).
Massutí, E., Reñones, O. (2005). Demersal resource assemblages in the trawl fishing grounds off the Balearic Islands (western Mediterranean). Scientia Marina 69: 167-181.
Session 7: Seagrass meadows Heminga, M.A., and Duarte, C.M. (2000). Seagrass ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp 1-23).
Procaccini, G, Buia, M.C. Buia, Gambi, M.C., Perez, M., Pergent, G. Pergent-Martini, C., and Romero, J. (2002). The seagrasses of the western Mediterranean. In E.P. Green and F.T. Short (eds.) World Atlas of seagrasses. Berkley, University of California. (pp 48-56).
Milchakova, N.A. (2003). The seagrasses of the Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral seas. In E.P. Green and F.T. Short (eds.) World Atlas of seagrasses. Berkley: University of California Press. (pp 59-63).
Session 8: Estuaries and coastal marshes Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press.(pp 125-130).
Cardona, L., Hereu, B., and Torras, X. (2008). Juvenile bottlenecks and salinity shape grey mullet assemblages in Mediterranean estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 77: 623-632.
Session 9: The deep sea. Herring, P. (2002). The biology of the deep ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 239-254).
Donovaro, R., et al. (2010). Deep-sea biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: the konw, the unknown and the unknowable. PLos One 5, e11832.
Session 10: Bathimetry, hydrography and chemistry of a semi-enclosed sea Longhurst, A. (1998). Ecological geography of the sea. Now York: Academic Press. (pp 134-138).
Cruzado, A. (1985). Chemistry of Mediterranean water. In R. Margalef (ed.) The Western Mediterranean. London: Pergamon Press. (pp 126-146).
Canals, M., et al. (2006). Flushing submarine canyons. Nature 444: 354-357.
Field study: Ebro Delta (on Friday)
Session 11: From Tethys to the Mediterranean, a convulse geological history Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 1-7).
Stow, D. (2010) Vanished ocean. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 188-214 and 227-241).
Session 12: Midterm exam
Session 13: The biodiversity crisis Avise, J.C., et al. (2008). In the light of evolution II: Biodiversity and extinction. PNAS 106: 11453-11457.
McClenachan, L., et al. (2012). Extinction risk and bottlenecks in the conservation of charismatic marine species. Conservation Letters 5: 73-80.
Coll, M., et al. (2010). The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns and threats. PLos One 5, e11842.
Session 14: Overfishing. Film viewing. “Empty oceans, empty nets”
Session 15: Overfishing I.
Jackson, J.B.C., et al. (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293: 629-638.
Lotze, H.K., et al. (2011). Historical changes in marine resources, food-web structure and ecosystem functioning in the Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean. Ecosystems 14: 198-222.
Session 16: Overfishing II. Case study: the anchovy and the dusky grouper fisheries Engraulis encrasicolus and Epinephelus marginatus at www.fishbase.org.
Session 17: Alternative management strategies: artificial reefs and marine reserves Hall, S.J. (1999). The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems and ecommunities. London: Blackwell Science. (pp 230-240).
Guidetti, P. and Sala, E. (2007). Community-wide effects of marine reserves in the Mediterranean sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 335: 43-56.
Session 18: The relevance of recreational fishing Morales-Nin, B., Moranta, J., García, C., Tugores, M.P., Grau, A.M., Riera, F., and Cerdà, M. (2005). The recreational fishery off Majorca island (western Mediterranean): some implications for coastal resource management. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62: 727-739.
Cardona, L, López, D., Sales, M., de Caralt, S., Díez, I. (2007). Effects of recreational fishing on three fish species from the Posidonia oceanica meadows off Minorca (Balearic archipelago, western Mediterranean). Scientia Marina 72: 811-820.
Session 19: Class presentation and discussion
Session 20: Class presentation and discussion.
Session 21: Pollution Borrell, A., and Aguilar, A. (2007), Organochlorine concentrations declined during 1987-2002 in the Western Mediterranean bottlenose dolphin, a coastal predator. Chemosphere 66: 347-352.
Ludwig, W., et al. (2009). River discharges of water and nutrients to the Mediterranean and Black Sea: major drivers for ecosystem changes during past and future decades? Progress in Oceanography 80: 199-217.
Session 22: Climate change Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 25-29).
Lejeusne, C., Chevaldonne, P., Pergent-Martini, C.,Boudouresque, C.F., Pérez, T. (2009). Climate change effects on a miniature ocean: the highly diverse, highly impacted Mediterranean Sea. TREE 1204: 1-11.
Session 23: Biological invasions Jaubert, et al. (2003). Re-evaluation of the extent of Caulerpa taxifolia development in the northern Mediterranean using airborne spectrographic sensing. Marine Ecology Progress Series 263: 75-82.
Por, F.D. (2009). Tethys returs to the Mediterranean: success and limits of tropical re-colonization. BioRisk 3: 5-19.
Session 24: Tourism and the management of the coastline. Visit to Barcelona beaches (class on site)
Papathanassious, E. and Gabrielides, G.P. (1999). State and pressures of the marine and coastal Mediterranean environment. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. (pp 47-52).
Papathanassious, E. and Gabrielides, G.P. (1999). State and pressures of the marine and coastal Mediterranean environment. Copenhagen: European Environment Agency. (pp 82-85).
Avise, J.C., Hubbell, S.P., Ayala, F.J. (2008). In the light of evolution II: Biodiversity and extinction. PNAS 106: 11453-11457.
Ballesteros, E. (2006). Mediterranean coralligenous assemblages: a synthesis of present knowledge. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An annual review 44: 123-140
Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 1-7).
Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 25-29).
Blondel, J. and Aroson, J. (1999) Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (pp 125-130).
Borrell, A., and Aguilar, A. (2007), Organochlorine concentrations declined during 1987-2002 in the Western Mediterranean bottlenose dolphin, a coastal predator. Chemosphere 66: 347-352.
Bosc, E., Bricaud, A., Antoinde, D. (2004). Seasonal and interannual variability in algal biomass and primary production in the Mediterranean Sea, as derived from 4 years of SeaWiFS observations. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 18, GB1005.
Cardona, L, López, D., Sales, M., de Caralt, S., Díez, I. (2007). Effects of recreational fishing on three fish species from the Posidonia oceanica meadows off Minorca (Balearic archipelago, western Mediterranean). Scientia Marina 72: 811-820.
Cardona, L., Hereu, B., and Torras, X. (2008). Juvenile bottlenecks and salinity shape grey mullet assemblages in Mediterranean estuaries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 77: 623-632.
Cardona, L., Sales, M., and López, D. (2007). Changes in fish density do not cascade to sea urchins and algae in one of the most oligotrophic regions of the western Mediterranean. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 72: 273-282.
Coll, M., et al. (2010). The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns and threats. PLos One 5, e11842.
Cruzado, A. (1985). Chemistry of Mediterranean water. In R. Margalef (ed.) The Western Mediterranean. London: Pergamon Press. (pp 126-146).
Canals, M., Puig, P., Durrieu de Madron, X.,Heussner, S., Palangues, A., Fabres, J. (2006). Flushing submarine canyons. Nature 444: 354-357
Donovaro, R., et al. (2010). Deep-sea biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea: the konw, the unknown and the unknowable. PLos One 5, e11832
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