The purpose of this course is to examine the origins and key events of the Northern Ireland conflict up until the Peace Process and the beginnings of the transition to a Post-Conflict society. Given the nature of the conflict and its aftermath, the interpretation of many of these events remains contested between the different protagonists. This course, therefore, will look at the conflict and its relevance from different viewpoints – Republican, Nationalist, Loyalist, Unionist, the British and Irish governments. The course content also charts the changes that have taken place in competing political/ ethno-nationalist discourses, paving the way for the Peace Process and the Good Friday Agreement.
Attendance policy:
Because IES Abroad courses are designed to take advantage of the unique contribution of the instruction and the lecture/discussion format, regular class attendance is mandatory. Any missed class, without a legitimate reason will be reflected in the final grade. A legitimate reason would include a documented illness or family bereavement. Travel, (including travel delays) is not a legitimate reason.
Method of presentation:
While the lecturer will present they key events/interpretations in the form of a lecture, the course is designed to encourage as much student participation through discussion as possible. Field study in Northern Ireland is also incorporated.
Required work and form of assessment:
• Mid-term essay: 30%
• Final paper: 40%
• Class presentation: 15%
• Class contribution and participation in discussions: 15%
content:
Week 1. Introduction to Course/ Broad Historical Context
Brief overview of the course. This is followed by an outline of the historical events that led to the emergence of different ‘traditions’ on the island of Ireland.
Week 2. Partition and Stormont
• Bew, P. et al. 1979/1994. The State in Northern Ireland, Chaps 2-5
• Farrell, M. 1976. The Orange State, Chaps 1-9
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years. Chap 4
Week 3. The O’Neill Administration and the Civil Rights Movement
• Bew, P. et al. 1979/1994. The State in Northern Ireland, Chaps 5-6
• Farrell, M. 1976. The Orange State, Chap 10
• Hennessey, T. 2005. Northern Ireland : the origins of the Troubles. Gill & Macmillan : Dublin, Chap 2
Weeks 4 & 5. The Outbreak of the Troubles, The Fall of Stormont and the Failure of Power Sharing
• Bew, P. et al. 1979/1994. The State in Northern Ireland, Chaps 6-7
• Farrell, M. 1976. The Orange State, Chaps 11-12
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years. Chap 8
• Hennessey, T. 2005. Northern Ireland : the origins of the Troubles. Gill & Macmillan : Dublin, Chaps 6, 7 & 9
• Kerr, M. 2006. Imposing power-sharing : conflict and coexistence in Northern Ireland and Lebanon. Irish Academic Press : Dublin, Chap 2
• Moloney, E. 2003. A secret history of the IRA. Penguin :London, Chaps 1-3; 7-13
Week 6. Direct Rule: Ulsterisation and Criminalization
• Dixon, P. 2001. Northern Ireland : The politics of war and peace. Palgrave : London
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years.
• Moloney, E. 2003. A secret history of the IRA. Penguin : London
• O’Leary, B & McGarry, J. 1993. The Politics of Antagonism
Week 7. Prison Protests and the Hunger Strikes
• Bew. P & Patterson, H. 1985. The British State and the Ulster Crisis. Chaps 3-4
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years. Chap 9
• Moloney, E. 2003. A secret history of the IRA. Penguin : London, Chap 4
For more general reading -
• O’Malley, P. 1990. Biting at the Grave: The Irish Hunger Strikes and the politics of Despair. Blackstaff: Belfast
• O’Rawe, R. 2005. Blanketmen : an untold story of the H-Block hunger strike. New Island : Dublin
• Beresford, D. 1987. Ten Dead Men.
Week 8. The Anglo-Irish Process, the ‘Long War’ and the Cost of Conflict
• Bew. P & Patterson, H. 1985. The British State and the Ulster Crisis. Chap 4
• Bew. P & Patterson, H. 1987. ‘The New Stalemate: Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement’ in Teague, P (ed). Beyond the Rhetoric.
• O’Leary, B. 1987. ‘The Anglo-Irish Agreement: Meanings, Explanations, Results and a Defence’ in
Teague, P (ed). Beyond the Rhetoric.
Week 9. The Loyalist Community
• Aughey, A. 1997. ‘The Character of Ulster Unionism’ in Shirlow, P & McGovern, M (eds) Who are ‘the
People’? London : Pluto
• Hall, Michael. (ed.) (2006). Loyalism in Transition: (1) A new reality?, (Island Pamphlets No.79), Newtownabbey: Island Publications.
• McKay, Susan. “North Belfast: Frankenstein, Friends and Fallen Angels. Northern Protestants: An
Unsettled People. Susan McKay. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press, 2000.
• Hall, Michael. (ed.) (1994). Ulster’s Protestant Working Class: A community exploration, (Island
Pamphlets No.9), (October 1994). Newtownabbey: Island Publications.
Week 10. The Republican Community
• De Barόid, Ciarán. “The Easter Riots”. Ballymurphy and the Irish War. Ciarán De Barόid. London: Pluto Press, 2000 (1989)
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years. [chap 8]
• Ruane, J & Todd, J. 1996. The dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland. University Press: Cambridge.
Chap 4
Weeks 11 & 12. The Peace Process and The Good Friday Agreement
• Cox. M. 2000. A farewell to arms? : from war to peace in Northern Ireland. Manchester University Press
: Manchester, Parts 1 & 2
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years. Chap 11
• McGarry, J. & O’Leary, B. 1995. Explaining Northern Ireland. Blackwell: London. Chap 10, Appendices A & B
• Moloney, E. 2003. A secret history of the IRA. Penguin :London, Chap 15
• Steward, P & Shirlow, P (eds). 1999. NI: Between Peace & War? Chaps by Steward & Shirlow
• Bric, M and Coakley, J. (eds). 2004. From political violence to negotiated settlement. [See chapters by Jackson, Dixon & De Chastelain in particular]
• Colin Coulter & Michael Murray (eds).2008. Northern Ireland after the Troubles? A Society in Transition. Manchester University Press. Chap 1
Required readings:
• Aughey, A. 1989. Under Siege: Ulster Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Blackstaff: Belfast
• Bric, M and Coakley, J. (eds). 2004. From political violence to negotiated settlement. UCD Press : Dublin
• Coulter, C. 1999. Contemporary Northern Ireland: An Introduction. Pluto: London.
• Dixon, P. 2001. Northern Ireland : The politics of war and peace. Palgrave : London
• Henessey, T. 1997. A History of Northern Ireland – 1920 – 1996. Dublin : Gill & Macmillan.
• McGarry, J. & O’Leary, B. 1995. Explaining Northern Ireland. Blackwell: London
• Miller, D. 1998. Rethinking Northern Ireland. Longman: London.
• Ruane, J & Todd, J. 1996. The dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland. University Press: Cambridge.
• Tonge, J. 2006. Northern Ireland. Cambridge : Polity press
• Tonge, J. 2005. The New Northern Ireland Politics? Basingstoke : Palgrave
Recommended readings:
History and politics of the Northern Ireland conflict
Civil Rights:
Rose, Peter, How the Troubles Came To Northern Ireland. [Excellent Overview]
Purdie, Bob, Politics in the Streets: The origins of the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland. [Detailed account of issues]
Bloody Sunday:
Mullen, Don, Eye Witness Bloody Sunday. [Groundbreaking account of events in Derry in 1972]
Hunger Strikes:
Beresford, David, Ten Men Dead [Gripping retelling of events of 1981] O’Malley, Padraig, Biting at the Grave [More detailed that Beresford]
Catholics and Protestants:
O’Connor, F. In Search of a State: Catholics in Northern Ireland [Dip into this book for stories from ‘ordinary’ Catholics]
McKay, Susan, Northern Protestants. [Dip into this book for stories from ‘ordinary’ Protestants]
Republicanism:
Cox, Guelke and Stephen, A farewell to arms? From ‘long war’ to long peace in Northern Ireland. [Series of insightful articles by participants in peace process]
Toolis, Kevin, Rebel Hearts: Journeys within the IRA’s soul. [Interviews with leading IRA members] Adams, Gerry, A Pathway to Peace,1988. [Adams version of story, part one]
Adams, Gerry Hope and History, 2003. [Adams version of story, part two]
Davenport and Sharrock, Man of Peace Man of Man: Unauthorised Biography of Gerry Adams. Clarke, Liam, Martin McGuinness.
Anderson, Brendan, Joe Cahill. [Life and times of veteran IRA man]
Sands, Bobby, Writings from Prison.
Morrison, Danny, Then the Walls Came Down. [Excellent prison diary written during peace process years] Collins, Eamon, Killing Rage. [Dissident view on IRA by one of its own members]
McKendy, Seamus, Disappeared: The Search for Jean McConville. [Victims perspective]
Unionism:
Cochrane, Feargal, Unionist Politics.
English and Walker, Unionism in Modern Ireland – selected chapters including Ch.2, 3,7,12
Cooke, Persecuting Zeal: Biography of Ian Paisley
McDonald, Henry, David Trimble, a biography. Miller, Frank. David Trimble
Taylor, Peter, Loyalists.
Bruce, Steve, The Edge of the Union
Dillon, Martin, God and the Gun.
Orange Order:
Ryder and Kearney. Drumcree
Bryan, D. Orange Parades
Dudley Edwards, R. The Faithful Tribe
Peace Process: Selected Readings
The story of the Northern Ireland peace process is still being written and, as such, there is no single text that provides the definitive account of this period. The books listed below, in different ways, will provide the narrative, background and context for a meaningful assessment of the peace process. These books should be consulted in conjunction with those on the main reading list for the course.
Mallie, Eamonn & McKittrick, David. (2001) Endgame in Ireland. London: Heinemann. Adams, Gerry (2004) Hope and History: Making Peace in Ireland. Brandon
Cox, Michael., Guelke, Adrian. & Stephen, Fiona. (Eds.) (2005, 2nd Ed.) A farewell to arms?: From 'long war' to long peace in Northern Ireland. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Mallie, Eamonn & McKittrick, David. (1996) The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story Behind the Irish Peace Process. London: Heinemann.
Mitchell, George (Senator). (1999) Making Peace. London: William Heinemann. Maloney, Ed. (2002) A Secret History of the IRA.
Darby, John. & Mac Ginty, Roger. (Eds.) (2000) The Management of Peace Processes. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Rowan, Brian. (1995) Behind the Lines: The Story of the IRA and Loyalist Ceasefires. Belfast: Blackstaff Press
Bric, Maurice and John Coakley. From Political Violence to Negotiated Settlement, UCD Press, 2004. Dixon, Paul. Northern Ireland: The Politics of War and Peace, Palgrave, 2001.
English, Richard. Armed Struggle: A History of the IRA, Macmillan, 2004. Hennessey, Thomas. A History of Northern Ireland, Gill and Macmillan, 2000.
Rafter, Kevin. Martin Mansergh, A Biography. New Island, 2002.
Rafter, Kevin, Sinn Fein: 1905-2005 In the Shadow of Gunmen, Gill & Macmillan, 2005. Tonge, Jonathan. The New Northern Ireland Politics? Palgrave, 2005.
Useful information on Northern Ireland – dates, events – may be sourced in:
Elliott, S and W.D. Flackes, Northern Ireland: A Political Directory, 1968-99, Blackstaff,
1999
Other Resources:
WEBSITES OF INTEREST
• UK Government Site – www.gov.uk[2]
• UK Government Northern Ireland Office – www.nio.gov.uk[3]. This site contains links to the Northern
Ireland Executive, the Northern Ireland Assembly and the political parties.
• Irish Government Site – www.irlgov.ie[4]. See particularly the Dept. of Foreign Affairs site. Also contains links to political parties.
• RTE News – www.rte.ie[5]. News site of the Irish state broadcasting service.
• BBC News – http://news.bbc.co.uk/[6]. News site of British state broadcasting service.
Notes:
This course is offered during the regular semester and in the summer. For summer sections, the course schedule is condensed, but the content, learning outcomes, and contact hours are the same.
Northern Irish Troubles: 1969-1999
The purpose of this course is to examine the origins and key events of the Northern Ireland conflict up until the Peace Process and the beginnings of the transition to a Post-Conflict society. Given the nature of the conflict and its aftermath, the interpretation of many of these events remains contested between the different protagonists. This course, therefore, will look at the conflict and its relevance from different viewpoints – Republican, Nationalist, Loyalist, Unionist, the British and Irish governments. The course content also charts the changes that have taken place in competing political/ ethno-nationalist discourses, paving the way for the Peace Process and the Good Friday Agreement.
Because IES Abroad courses are designed to take advantage of the unique contribution of the instruction and the lecture/discussion format, regular class attendance is mandatory. Any missed class, without a legitimate reason will be reflected in the final grade. A legitimate reason would include a documented illness or family bereavement. Travel, (including travel delays) is not a legitimate reason.
While the lecturer will present they key events/interpretations in the form of a lecture, the course is designed to encourage as much student participation through discussion as possible. Field study in Northern Ireland is also incorporated.
• Mid-term essay: 30%
• Final paper: 40%
• Class presentation: 15%
• Class contribution and participation in discussions: 15%
Week 1. Introduction to Course/ Broad Historical Context
Brief overview of the course. This is followed by an outline of the historical events that led to the emergence of different ‘traditions’ on the island of Ireland.
Week 2. Partition and Stormont
• Bew, P. et al. 1979/1994. The State in Northern Ireland, Chaps 2-5
• Farrell, M. 1976. The Orange State, Chaps 1-9
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years. Chap 4
Week 3. The O’Neill Administration and the Civil Rights Movement
• Bew, P. et al. 1979/1994. The State in Northern Ireland, Chaps 5-6
• Farrell, M. 1976. The Orange State, Chap 10
• Hennessey, T. 2005. Northern Ireland : the origins of the Troubles. Gill & Macmillan : Dublin, Chap 2
Weeks 4 & 5. The Outbreak of the Troubles, The Fall of Stormont and the Failure of Power Sharing
• Bew, P. et al. 1979/1994. The State in Northern Ireland, Chaps 6-7
• Farrell, M. 1976. The Orange State, Chaps 11-12
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years. Chap 8
• Hennessey, T. 2005. Northern Ireland : the origins of the Troubles. Gill & Macmillan : Dublin, Chaps 6, 7 & 9
• Kerr, M. 2006. Imposing power-sharing : conflict and coexistence in Northern Ireland and Lebanon. Irish Academic Press : Dublin, Chap 2
• Moloney, E. 2003. A secret history of the IRA. Penguin :London, Chaps 1-3; 7-13
Week 6. Direct Rule: Ulsterisation and Criminalization
• Dixon, P. 2001. Northern Ireland : The politics of war and peace. Palgrave : London
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years.
• Moloney, E. 2003. A secret history of the IRA. Penguin : London
• O’Leary, B & McGarry, J. 1993. The Politics of Antagonism
Week 7. Prison Protests and the Hunger Strikes
• Bew. P & Patterson, H. 1985. The British State and the Ulster Crisis. Chaps 3-4
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years. Chap 9
• Moloney, E. 2003. A secret history of the IRA. Penguin : London, Chap 4
For more general reading -
• O’Malley, P. 1990. Biting at the Grave: The Irish Hunger Strikes and the politics of Despair. Blackstaff: Belfast
• O’Rawe, R. 2005. Blanketmen : an untold story of the H-Block hunger strike. New Island : Dublin
• Beresford, D. 1987. Ten Dead Men.
Week 8. The Anglo-Irish Process, the ‘Long War’ and the Cost of Conflict
• Bew. P & Patterson, H. 1985. The British State and the Ulster Crisis. Chap 4
• Bew. P & Patterson, H. 1987. ‘The New Stalemate: Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement’ in Teague, P (ed). Beyond the Rhetoric.
• O’Leary, B. 1987. ‘The Anglo-Irish Agreement: Meanings, Explanations, Results and a Defence’ in
Teague, P (ed). Beyond the Rhetoric.
Week 9. The Loyalist Community
• Aughey, A. 1997. ‘The Character of Ulster Unionism’ in Shirlow, P & McGovern, M (eds) Who are ‘the
People’? London : Pluto
• Hall, Michael. (ed.) (2006). Loyalism in Transition: (1) A new reality?, (Island Pamphlets No.79), Newtownabbey: Island Publications.
• McKay, Susan. “North Belfast: Frankenstein, Friends and Fallen Angels. Northern Protestants: An
Unsettled People. Susan McKay. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press, 2000.
• Hall, Michael. (ed.) (1994). Ulster’s Protestant Working Class: A community exploration, (Island
Pamphlets No.9), (October 1994). Newtownabbey: Island Publications.
Week 10. The Republican Community
• De Barόid, Ciarán. “The Easter Riots”. Ballymurphy and the Irish War. Ciarán De Barόid. London: Pluto Press, 2000 (1989)
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years. [chap 8]
• Ruane, J & Todd, J. 1996. The dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland. University Press: Cambridge.
Chap 4
Weeks 11 & 12. The Peace Process and The Good Friday Agreement
• Cox. M. 2000. A farewell to arms? : from war to peace in Northern Ireland. Manchester University Press
: Manchester, Parts 1 & 2
• Feeney, B. 2002. Sinn Fein: 100 Turbulent Years. Chap 11
• McGarry, J. & O’Leary, B. 1995. Explaining Northern Ireland. Blackwell: London. Chap 10, Appendices A & B
• Moloney, E. 2003. A secret history of the IRA. Penguin :London, Chap 15
• Steward, P & Shirlow, P (eds). 1999. NI: Between Peace & War? Chaps by Steward & Shirlow
• Bric, M and Coakley, J. (eds). 2004. From political violence to negotiated settlement. [See chapters by Jackson, Dixon & De Chastelain in particular]
• Colin Coulter & Michael Murray (eds).2008. Northern Ireland after the Troubles? A Society in Transition. Manchester University Press. Chap 1
• Aughey, A. 1989. Under Siege: Ulster Unionism and the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Blackstaff: Belfast
• Bric, M and Coakley, J. (eds). 2004. From political violence to negotiated settlement. UCD Press : Dublin
• Coulter, C. 1999. Contemporary Northern Ireland: An Introduction. Pluto: London.
• Dixon, P. 2001. Northern Ireland : The politics of war and peace. Palgrave : London
• Henessey, T. 1997. A History of Northern Ireland – 1920 – 1996. Dublin : Gill & Macmillan.
• McGarry, J. & O’Leary, B. 1995. Explaining Northern Ireland. Blackwell: London
• Miller, D. 1998. Rethinking Northern Ireland. Longman: London.
• Ruane, J & Todd, J. 1996. The dynamics of Conflict in Northern Ireland. University Press: Cambridge.
• Tonge, J. 2006. Northern Ireland. Cambridge : Polity press
• Tonge, J. 2005. The New Northern Ireland Politics? Basingstoke : Palgrave
History and politics of the Northern Ireland conflict
Civil Rights:
Rose, Peter, How the Troubles Came To Northern Ireland. [Excellent Overview]
Purdie, Bob, Politics in the Streets: The origins of the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland. [Detailed account of issues]
Bloody Sunday:
Mullen, Don, Eye Witness Bloody Sunday. [Groundbreaking account of events in Derry in 1972]
Hunger Strikes:
Beresford, David, Ten Men Dead [Gripping retelling of events of 1981] O’Malley, Padraig, Biting at the Grave [More detailed that Beresford]
Catholics and Protestants:
O’Connor, F. In Search of a State: Catholics in Northern Ireland [Dip into this book for stories from ‘ordinary’ Catholics]
McKay, Susan, Northern Protestants. [Dip into this book for stories from ‘ordinary’ Protestants]
Republicanism:
Cox, Guelke and Stephen, A farewell to arms? From ‘long war’ to long peace in Northern Ireland. [Series of insightful articles by participants in peace process]
Toolis, Kevin, Rebel Hearts: Journeys within the IRA’s soul. [Interviews with leading IRA members] Adams, Gerry, A Pathway to Peace,1988. [Adams version of story, part one]
Adams, Gerry Hope and History, 2003. [Adams version of story, part two]
Davenport and Sharrock, Man of Peace Man of Man: Unauthorised Biography of Gerry Adams. Clarke, Liam, Martin McGuinness.
Anderson, Brendan, Joe Cahill. [Life and times of veteran IRA man]
Sands, Bobby, Writings from Prison.
Morrison, Danny, Then the Walls Came Down. [Excellent prison diary written during peace process years] Collins, Eamon, Killing Rage. [Dissident view on IRA by one of its own members]
McKendy, Seamus, Disappeared: The Search for Jean McConville. [Victims perspective]
Unionism:
Cochrane, Feargal, Unionist Politics.
English and Walker, Unionism in Modern Ireland – selected chapters including Ch.2, 3,7,12
Cooke, Persecuting Zeal: Biography of Ian Paisley
McDonald, Henry, David Trimble, a biography. Miller, Frank. David Trimble
Taylor, Peter, Loyalists.
Bruce, Steve, The Edge of the Union
Dillon, Martin, God and the Gun.
Orange Order:
Ryder and Kearney. Drumcree
Bryan, D. Orange Parades
Dudley Edwards, R. The Faithful Tribe
Peace Process: Selected Readings
The story of the Northern Ireland peace process is still being written and, as such, there is no single text that provides the definitive account of this period. The books listed below, in different ways, will provide the narrative, background and context for a meaningful assessment of the peace process. These books should be consulted in conjunction with those on the main reading list for the course.
Mallie, Eamonn & McKittrick, David. (2001) Endgame in Ireland. London: Heinemann. Adams, Gerry (2004) Hope and History: Making Peace in Ireland. Brandon
Cox, Michael., Guelke, Adrian. & Stephen, Fiona. (Eds.) (2005, 2nd Ed.) A farewell to arms?: From 'long war' to long peace in Northern Ireland. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Mallie, Eamonn & McKittrick, David. (1996) The Fight for Peace: The Secret Story Behind the Irish Peace Process. London: Heinemann.
Mitchell, George (Senator). (1999) Making Peace. London: William Heinemann. Maloney, Ed. (2002) A Secret History of the IRA.
Darby, John. & Mac Ginty, Roger. (Eds.) (2000) The Management of Peace Processes. London: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Rowan, Brian. (1995) Behind the Lines: The Story of the IRA and Loyalist Ceasefires. Belfast: Blackstaff Press
Bric, Maurice and John Coakley. From Political Violence to Negotiated Settlement, UCD Press, 2004. Dixon, Paul. Northern Ireland: The Politics of War and Peace, Palgrave, 2001.
English, Richard. Armed Struggle: A History of the IRA, Macmillan, 2004. Hennessey, Thomas. A History of Northern Ireland, Gill and Macmillan, 2000.
Rafter, Kevin. Martin Mansergh, A Biography. New Island, 2002.
Rafter, Kevin, Sinn Fein: 1905-2005 In the Shadow of Gunmen, Gill & Macmillan, 2005. Tonge, Jonathan. The New Northern Ireland Politics? Palgrave, 2005.
Useful information on Northern Ireland – dates, events – may be sourced in:
Elliott, S and W.D. Flackes, Northern Ireland: A Political Directory, 1968-99, Blackstaff,
1999
WEBSITES OF INTEREST
• UK Government Site – www.gov.uk [2]
• UK Government Northern Ireland Office – www.nio.gov.uk [3]. This site contains links to the Northern
Ireland Executive, the Northern Ireland Assembly and the political parties.
• Irish Government Site – www.irlgov.ie [4]. See particularly the Dept. of Foreign Affairs site. Also contains links to political parties.
• RTE News – www.rte.ie [5]. News site of the Irish state broadcasting service.
• BBC News – http://news.bbc.co.uk/ [6]. News site of British state broadcasting service.
This course is offered during the regular semester and in the summer. For summer sections, the course schedule is condensed, but the content, learning outcomes, and contact hours are the same.